EDM 9206 Foundations of EAP

EDM 9206Foundations of EAP The Lifeworld Foundations of EAP: The Public & Private Spheres

The Concept of the Lifeworld • The Lifeworld of Communicative Action • “The lifeworld as represented by a culturally transmitted and linguistically organized stock of interpretive patterns” (Habermas, 1981, p. 124) • “The structure of the lifeworld lay down the forms of the intersubjectivity of possible understanding. ...The lifeworld is so to speak, the transcendental site which speaker and hearer meet, where they can reciprocally raise claims that their utterances fit the world (objective, social, or subjective), and where they can criticize and confirm those validity claims, settle their disagreements, and arrive at agreements.” (Habermas, 1981, p. 126) • In short, we may construe “the lifeworld as the horizon and background of communicative action.” (1981, p. 454)

Habermas, 1987p. 127

The Concept of the Lifeworld • Functions of the lifeworld • “Under the functional aspect of mutual understanding, communicative action serves to transmit and renew cultural knowledge; under the aspect of coordinating action, it serves social integration and the establishment of solidarity; finally, under the aspect of socialization, communicative action serves the formation of personal identities.” (1981, p.137) • “The symbolic structures of the lifeworld are reproduced by way of the continuation of valid knowledge, stabilization of group solidarity, and socialization of responsible actors. ….Corresponding to these processes of cultural reproduction, social integration, and socialization are the structural components of the lifewolrd: culture, society, and personality.” (1981, p. 137-8)

The Concept of the Lifeworld • Functions of the lifeworld • “I use the term culture for the stock of knowledge from which participants in communication supply themselves with interpretation as they come to an understanding about something in the world. • “I use the term society for the legitimate orders through which participants regulate their memberships in social groups and thereby secure solidarity. • “By personality, I understand the competences that make a subject capable of speaking and acting, that put him in a position to take part in process of reaching understanding and their by to assert his own identity.” (1981, p.138)

Institutionalization and Legitimation of the Lifeworld • To understand the concept of lifeworld, which has been characterized so far as the stable and persistent horizon of meanings shared by individuals within a communicative community, we must ask how it is possible to constitute and structurate individuals’ subjectivities into such a regular and reliable social orders. • Berger and Luckmann’s conception of institutionalization and legitimation provide insightful answers to this vital question.

Institutionalization and Legitimation of the Lifeworld • Institutionalization: “Institutionalization occurs whenever there is a reciprocal typiifcation of habitualized actions by types of actors. Put differently, any such typification is an institution. What must be stressed is the reciprocity of institutional typifications and the typicality of not only the actions but the actors in institution. The typifications of habitualized actions that constitute institutions are always shared ones. They are available to all members of the particular social group in question, and the institution itself typifies individual actors as well as individual actions.” (1966, p. 72)

Institutionalization and Legitimation of the Lifeworld • The reciprocal typification of habitualized actions constituted within an institution implies the following structural features of an institution: • Historicity: "Reciprocal typifications of actions are built up in the course of a shared history. They cannot be created instantaneously. Institutions always have a history, of which they are the products. It is impossible to understand an institution adequately without an understanding of the historical process in which it was produced." (Berger and Luckmann, 1967, p.72) This structural feature of historicity in the process of institutionalization implies that lifeworld is constituted through time-sharing communicative practices and at the same time accumulated and “sedimented” through time.

Institutionalization and Legitimation of the Lifeworld • …structural features of an institution:... • Social control: "Institutions …, by the very fact of their existence, control human conduct by setting up predefinied patterns of conduct, which channel it in one direction as against the many other directions that would theoretically be possible. …These mechanism (the sum of which constitute what is generally called a system of social control do …exist in many institutions and in all the agglomerations of institutions that we call societies. …To say that a segment of human activity has been institutionalized is already to say that this segment of human activity has been subsumed under social control." (p. 72-73) The social-control feature of institutionalization indicates that lifeworld is possible by means of rules and regulations which emerged and sedimented from communicative practices.

Institutionalization and Legitimation of the Lifeworld • …structural features of an institution:... • Socialization: As a set of reciprocal typifications of habitualized actions has achieved its historicity, i.e. proven its social efficacy through time and has further been backed up by social control mechanism, it can be said that this set of intersubjectivity has been externalized and objectivated. However to complete the cycle of institutionalization, this intersubjectivity must in turn be internalized into the subjectivity of the new members of a culture. It is by means of socialization, acculturation, education, or even indoctrination that new members will acquire the "common-sense knowledge" necessary to be able to become fully functional members of a culture.

Institutionalization and Legitimation of the Lifeworld • Berger and Luckmann have formulated the conception of dialectical relations between man and society. In their own words,

“It is important to emphasize that the relationship between man, the producer, and the social world, his product, is and remains a dialectical one. That is, man (not, of course, in isolation but in his collectivities) and his social world interact with each other. The product acts back upon the producer. Externalization and objectivation are moments in a continuing dialectical process. The third moment in this process…is internalization (by which the objectivated social world is retrojected into consciousness in the course of socialization). It is ...possible …to see the fundamental relationship of these three dialectical moments in social reality. Each of them corresponds to an essential characterization of the social world. • Society is a human product. (Externalization) • Society is an objective reality. (Objectivation) • Man is a social product. (Socialization)" (Berger and Luckmann, 1967, Pp.78-79; original emphases and my numbering)

Society Institutionalization Typification Internalization (Socialization) Objectivation Externalization Man

Institutionalization and Legitimation of the Lifeworld • Legitimation: “Legitimation as a process is best described as a ‘second-order’ objectivation of meaning. Legitimation produces new meanings that serve to integrate the meanings already attached to disparate institutional processes. The function of legitimation is to make objectively available and subjectively plausible the ‘first-order’ objectivation that have been institutionalized.” (p. 110) In short, legitimation is to integrate (make available and plausible) the ‘first-order’ meanings into more stable and persistent ‘second-order’ meaning.

Institutionalization and Legitimation of the Lifeworld • Two levels of integration: The availability and plausibility of the totality of the institutional order can be approached at two levels • Horizontal integration: “A ‘horizontal’ order of integration and plausibility, relating the total institutional order to several partial individuals participating in it in several roles, or to several partial institutional processes, in which a single individual may participate at any given time.” (p. 110)

Institutionalization and Legitimation of the Lifeworld • Two levels of integration: … • Vertical integration: “The individual biography, in its several, successive, institutionally predefined phases, must be endowed with meaning that makes the whole subjectively plausible. A ‘vertical level within the life span of single individuals must, therefore, be added to the ‘horizontal’ level of integration and subjective plausibility of the institutional order.” (Pp. 110-111) Vertical integration can also be approached beyond the time horizontal of a single at biography or life span, that is, integration in the form of transmitting institutional orders from one generation to another. In other words, horizontal integration implies “the unity of history and biography.” (p. 111)

Institutionalization and Legitimation of the Lifeworld • Two sub-processes of legitimation: Berger and Luckmann suggest that the legitimation process of a given totality of institutional orders can be divided into two processes: • Explanation: “Legitimation ‘explains’ the institutional order by ascribing cognitive validity to its objectivated meanings.” (p. 1111) • Justification: “Legitimation ‘justifies’ the institutional order by given a normative dignity to its practical imperatives.” (p. 111) knowledgeability & pure reason practical reason & rationality

Institutionalization and Legitimation of the Lifeworld • Two sub-processes of legitimation: … “It is important to understand that legitimation has a cognitive as well as a normativeelements.… Legitimation is not just a matter of ‘values'. It is always implies ‘knowledge’ as well. …Legitimation not only tells the individual why he should perform one action and not another; it also tells him why things are what they are. In other words, ‘knowledge’ proceds ‘value’ in the legitimation of institutions.” (P. 111)

Legitimation Creation of new meanings integrating meanings prevailing in institutions Explanation Justification Practical Foundation Epistemological Foundation Cognitive validity Normative dignity Second-order of Meaning Construction First-order of Meaning Construction Man Externalization Objectivation Institutionalization Internalization (Socialization)

Institutionalization and Legitimation of the Lifeworld • Levels of legitimation: The legitimation process may manifest itself in several forms: • Incipient legitimation: It refers to the “system of linguistic objectivations” generated from the legitimation process. They may take the form of vocabularies indicating the cognitive validity of a given institutional order. They may also appear as categories justifying the normative dignity of the lifeworld. • “Theoretical propositions”: They indicate the rudimentary propositions in use in the lifeworld. They may take the form of “various explanatory schemes relating sets of objective meanings. These schemes are highly pragmatic, directly related to concrete action.” (p. 112) As for normative justification, they may appear as “proverbs, moral maxims and wise saying” (p. 112)

Institutionalization and Legitimation of the Lifeworld • Levels of legitimation: … • Body of knowledge: Legitimation can appear as explicit systems of knowledge rendering cognitive validity and/or normative dignity to a totality of institutional orders. This level of legitimation “provide fairly comprehensive frames of reference for the respective sectors of institutionalized conduct. Because of their complexity and differentiateion, they are frequently entrusted to specialized personnel who transmit them through formalized initiation procedures.” (p.112)

Institutionalization and Legitimation of the Lifeworld • Levels of legitimation: … • Symbolic universes (i.e. cultural level): They refer to “bodies of theoretical tradition that integrate different provinces of meaning and encompass the institutional order in a symbolic totality.” (p. 113) “Symbolic universe is conceived of as the matrix of all socially objectivated and subjectively real meanings, the entire historic society and the entire biography of the individual are seen as events taking place within this universe.” (p.114) “The crystallization of symbolic universes follows the …processes of objectivation, sedimentation and accumulation of knowledge. That is, symbolic universes are social products with history. If one is to understand their meaning, one has to understand the history of their production.” (p. 115)

The Constitution of the Public Sphere

The Constitution of the Public Sphere • The conception of the public sphere • The public sphere as a social and subsequently institutionalized realm was formed by “privatized individuals coming togetherto form the public also reflected critically and in public on what they had read (painted, written, etc.), thus contributing to the process of enlightenment which they together promoted.” (Habermas, 1989/1962, p. 51) • The world of letter: “They formed the public sphere of a rational-critical debate in the world of letter within which the subjectivity originating in the interiority of the conjugal family, by communicating with itself, attained clarity about itself.” (ibid)

The Constitution of the Public Sphere • The conception of the public sphere • Sphere of public debate: “The bourgeois public’s critical public debate took place in principle without regard to all preexisting social and political rank and in accord with universal rules.” (Habermas, 1989/1962, p. 54) The public opinion resulting from the debate were "born of the power of the betterment argument.” (ibid)

The Constitution of the Public Sphere • The development of public sphere in Europe • 15th to 17th centuries: • Emergence of private sphere of private individuals in • Exchanges of private property and the constitution and expansion of market • Exchange of private correspondence and the constitution of the “world of letter”, i.e. “publication” of newspaper, journal, literature, painting etc. • Construction of early forms of public sphere, salon in France, coffee house & Rotary society in Britain, table & literary societies in Germany • Constitution of the civil citizenship and natural rights, i.e. life, property and liberty

The Constitution of the Public Sphere • The development of public sphere in Europe • 18th century: • Private individuals came out from their private realm, such as conjugal families, to form the “public” and to engage in critical and rational debate on public and political issues • Through critical and rational public debate, voluntas was transformed into ratio that “in the public competition of private arguments came into being as the consensus about what was practically necessary in interest of all.” (p.83) • Struggle over political rights between the “public” and the authoritarian monarchy

The Constitution of the Public Sphere • The development of public sphere in Europe • 18th century: • Constitution of political citizenship: Formation of civic army and establishment of universal franchise • 19th century: • The institutionalization of democratic political realm in public sphere • 21st century: • The institutionalization of the globally communication network as a open, free, egalitarian, meritocratic, and democratic public sphere

The Constitution of the Public Sphere • The development of the community of citizenship: T.H. Marshall’s thesis • The development of liberal citizenship in the 18th century • The development of political citizenship in the 19th century • The development of social citizenship in the 20th century • The development of ecological, feminist, or global citizenship at the end of the 20th century

The State, Market and public Sphere in 20th Century • The Social Formation of the Liberal Capitalism • The constitution of steering mechanism of market system of commodity and social labor • De-politicalization of relation of production • Anonymization of class domination • The ideology of “the exchange of equivalents”

The State, Market and public Sphere in 20th Century • The Coming of the Organized Capitalism • State intervention of capitalist production process • Provision of the prerequisites of production, e.g. system of civil law • Provision of market-complementing adaptation, e.g. central banking & other financial services • Provision of market-placement actions, i.e. Improving investment environment and accumulation dynamics, e.g. educating and training of labor force, sponsoring scientific and technological development • Compensating dysfunctional consequences of accumulation process, e.g. Accommodating externality of the production process, resolving antagonism or even conflict in relation of production

The State, Market and public Sphere in 20th Century • The Coming of the Organized Capitalism • Mutual infiltration of systems and lifeworld • State intervenes in the form of providing service that hitherto had been left to private hand, most notably the introduction of compulsory education • State intervention also took the form of providing protection, compensation and subsidies to the economically weaker social groups, e.g. wage laborers, tenants, consumers, etc • The process of deprivatization of private sphere grew. • Family lost its functions of upbringing and education, protection, care and guidance • “The world of work and occupation” was deprivatized by means of state mediation between employers and employees, or more specifically between employer associations and trade unions, in terms of working conditions, wage level, employment rights, etc.

The State, Market and public Sphere in 20th Century • The Coming of the Organized Capitalism • Constitution of social citizenship: The establishment of social rights and economic civil rights can be perceived as the positive outcome of democratic dynamics of the public sphere in combating the capitalistic dynamics of the market sphere

The State, Market and public Sphere in 20th Century • The beginning of the degradation of the “public” • Rational & critical citizens relegate to clients of the welfare state, consumers of welfare service, audience of mass media • From culture-debating public to culture-consuming public • Commodification of culture and the growth of cultural industry • Public sphere was fissioned into intellectual minority or even stars and the consumers of the mass media

The State, Market and public Sphere in 20th Century • The beginning of the degradation of the “public” • Transformation of the political function of the public sphere • The public was release of the task of rational and critical debate on public issue. The task was left to the politicians. They relegate to the role of recipients of political propaganda. • The commerialization of mass media and the emergence of the trade of public relation gave rise to the business of public-opinion engineering and public-consent manufacturing • The principle of “publicity” gave way to principle of manufactured and staged publicity • Critical and rational public debate repress to periodic, manipulated and limited voter choice

Crises in Organized Capitalism (Habermas, 1973; and Offe, 1984 & 85)

Crises in Organized Capitalism (Habermas, 1973; and Offe, 1984 & 85) • Economic Crisis: In capitalism crisis derives from inadequate input is most atypical. The crisis is most likely elicited by under consumption of output. As a result, it causes a breakdown the commodification process. • Rational Crisis: • Rational crisis is the output crisis of the state in late/organized capitalism. It refers to the failure of the administrative output of the state, i.e. policies and planning, in reconciling and fulfilling the imperative received from the economic system.

Crises in Organized Capitalism (Habermas, 1973; and Offe, 1984 & 85) • Rational Crisis: • The crisis is derived from the fundamental contradiction between • the administrative steering imperative of the state, which takes the form of planning and management and its steering medium is administrative power, and • the economic steering imperative of the market, which takes the spontaneous or even anarchistic competition and its steering medium is money

Crises in Organized Capitalism (Habermas, 1973; and Offe, 1984 & 85) • Rational Crisis: • Clause Offe also points out that there is also a fundamental contradiction within the state’s intervening output • The intervening output of the state usually takes the form of recomodification, e.g. • promoting the employability of the unemployed labor • promoting the saleablity of the manufactured goods and services, as well as capital • subsidizing capital, industrial sector, labor sector whish are unable to survive in commodity form • These recommodification measures also bring about the decommodifcation consequences • Taxing capital as well as labor away from the economic system • Creating large “unproductive” sector • Eroding the ideological foundation of capitalism, i.e. possessive individualism

Crises in Organized Capitalism (Habermas, 1973; and Offe, 1984 & 85) • Legitimation Crisis: • Legitimation crisis is the input crisis of the state. It indicates the state fails to mobilize and maintain the requisite level of mass loyalty from the socio-cultural system • The crisis is derived from • The transportation of economic crisis into the state, or more specifically into the public budget, which gave rise the fiscal crisis • The rationality crisis of the state manifest in the form of failure of the steering/planning/administration mechanism to resolve the crisis taken over from the economic system • As the result, the state experiences a massive withdrawal of loyalty, i.e. a legitimation deficit.

Crises in Organized Capitalism (Habermas, 1973; and Offe, 1984 & 85) • Legitimation Crisis: • To compensate the legitimation deficit, the state has to step into yet another “foreign environment”, i.e. the socio-cultural system, and try to projects o f launch projects of loyalty manufacturing, consciousness manipulation and consensus staging • However the administrative steering imperatives of the state are in fundamental contradiction with the imperatives of the lifeworld/civil society/socio-cultural system, which works on spontaneous, nature-like, hermeneutic reproduction logic. The end result of state intervention into the lifeworld is what Habermas later characterized as the “colonization of the lifeworld”, i.e. the intersubjectivity of the lifeworld are fragmented by the consciousness-manipulation projects of the state as well as the commodification process of the cultural industry

Crises in Organized Capitalism (Habermas, 1973; and Offe, 1984 & 85) • Motivation Crisis • Motivation crisis is output crisis of the socio-cultural system. It signifies that its outputs, which are usually in the forms of values and meanings, have become dysfunctional for the both the administrative system/state and the economic system. More specifically, the socio-culture system is unable to reproduce the “privatism” necessary for the action-motivating meanings, which both the administrative and economic systems need. • Motivational output of socio-cultural system to the administrative system can be characterized as “civil privatism”. It denotes “an interest in the steering and maintenance performances of the administrative system but little participation in the legitimizing process…Civil privatism thus corresponds to the structures of depoliticized public realm.” (1973, p.75)

Crises in Organized Capitalism (Habermas, 1973; and Offe, 1984 & 85) • Motivation Crisis “If elites are to be powerful and make authoritative decisions, then the involvement, activity, and influence of the oridinary man must be limited. The ordinary citizen must turn power over to elites and let them rules. …Thus the democratic citizen is call on to pursue contradictory goals, he must be active, yet passive; involved, yet not too invoved; influential, yet deferential.” (Almond & Verba, 1965; quoted in Habermas, 1973, p. 77)

Crises in Organized Capitalism (Habermas, 1973; and Offe, 1984 & 85) • Motivation Crisis • Motivational output of socio-cultural system to the economic system can be characterized as “familial-vocational privatism”. “It consists in a family orientation with developed interests in consumption and leisure on the one hand, and in a career orientation suitable to status competition on the other. This privatism thus corresponds to the structures of educational and occupational systems that are regulated by competition through achievement.” (1973, p.75)

Crises in Organized Capitalism (Habermas, 1973; and Offe, 1984 & 85) • Motivation Crisis • The erosion of these privatism are mainly due to • Dismantle of pre-bourgeois traditional normative system, e.g. religious belief, by the process of rationalization and secularization • Undermining of bourgeois achievement ideology by • Disenchanting the principle of “exchange of equivalent” • Disenchanting the belief of educational justice • Replacement of intrinsic motivation by extrinsic motivation • The constitution of the welfare class • Erosion of the ideology of possessive individualism

Colonization of the Lifeworld by Medium-steered Systems • Habermas’ thesis of welfare-state compromise • Refutation of Austro-Marxist such as Otto Bauer or Karl Renner’s thesis of class compromise, Habermas argues for the thesis of welfare-state compromise in late capitalism • With reference to Clause Offe’s thesis of social policy of the state in organized capitalism (Offe, 1984), Habermas suggests that “the welfare state compromise alters the conditions of the four existing relations between system (economy and state) and lifeworld (private and public sphere), around which the roles of the employee and the consumer, the client of public bureaucracies and the citizen of the state, crystallize.” (p. 349)

EDM 9206 Foundations of EAP