Reforming American Society

1. CHAPTER Reforming American Society 8 Overview Time Lines 1 Religion Sparks Reform SECTION 2 Slavery and Abolition SECTION 3 Women and Reform SECTION 4 The Changing Workplace SECTION Chapter Assessment Transparencies

2. THEMES IN CHAPTER 8 Cultural Diversity Expanding Democracy Women in America Science and Technology CHAPTER Reforming American Society 8 HOME “What is a man born for but to be a Reformer, a Remaker of what man has made; a renouncer of lies; a restorer of truth and good . . . ?” Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1841

3. What do you know? • What do you already know about abolition and other reform movements of the 19th century? • Who were some of the leaders of these movements? • What reforms did they call for? CHAPTER Reforming American Society 8 HOME

4. 1822Lowell textile mills open. 1831Nat Turner leads slave rebellion. William Lloyd Garrison begins publishingThe Liberator. 1834First strike occurs in Lowell textile mills. National Trades’ Union is formed. 1837Grimké sisters lecture on the evils of slavery. 1848Dorothea Dix campaigns for public hospitals for the mentally ill. Seneca Falls women’s rights convention is held. CHAPTER Time Line 8 HOME The United States

5. 1821Napoleon dies. 1825Decembrist revolt in Russia occurs. 1830King George IV of Great Britain dies. 1834Britain abolishes slavery in its empire. 1840World’s Anti-Slavery Convention is held in London. 1845Great Potato Famine begins in Ireland. 1848Communist Manifesto is published. CHAPTER Time Line 8 HOME The World

6. Learn About the Second Great Awakening and other spiritual reform movements. To Understand how religion shaped the social and political reform movements of the period. SECTION 1 Religion Sparks Reform HOME

7. SECTION 1 Religion Sparks Reform HOME Key Idea Changes in the political and economic arenas contribute to the Second Great Awakening, a renewal of religious sentiment that brings about a host of social reform movements.

8. the Unitarian movement revivals the African Methodist Episcopal Church Ralph Waldo Emerson transcendentalism school and prison reform SECTION 1 Religion Sparks Reform HOME 1 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What were some events and ideas that relate to the Second Great Awakening? Second GreatAwakening

9. SYNTHESIZING Consider the philosophical and religious ideas expressed during the Second Great Awakening. What were the key values and beliefs that guided 19th-centuryreformers’ actions? THINK ABOUT • concepts of individualism and individual salvation • attitudes toward social responsibility • the viewpoints of Finney, Channing, and Emerson SECTION 1 Religion Sparks Reform HOME 1 Section Assessment

10. RECOGNIZING EFFECTS How might 19th-century reform movements have influenced reform movements today? THINK ABOUT • 19th-century reforms in schools, prisons, and asylums • who is responsible for reform • the social problems that are addressed today SECTION 1 Religion Sparks Reform HOME 1 Section Assessment

11. Learn About the abolition movement, the lives of African Americans, and debates over slavery. To Understand the growing rift between the North and the South. SECTION 2 Slavery and Abolition HOME

12. SECTION 2 Slavery and Abolition HOME Key Idea Slavery becomes an explosive issue, as more Americans join reformers working for abolition.

13. ANTISLAVERY ACTIONS PROSLAVERY ACTIONS SECTION 2 Slavery and Abolition HOME 2 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What were some of the major antislavery and proslavery actions that occurred from 1820 to 1850? publication of The Liberator and Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World formation of antislavery societies Nat Turner’s Rebellion the defeat of the Virginia motion for abolition tighter slave regulations the growth of vigilance committees the 1836 gag rule

14. FORMING OPINIONS What was a more effective strategy—violence or nonviolence—for achieving the abolitionists’ goal of eliminating slavery? THINK ABOUT • Garrison’s and Walker’s remarks • Frederick Douglass’s views • abolitionists’ petitions to Congress • Southerners’ reactions to Nat Turner’s Rebellion SECTION 2 Slavery and Abolition HOME 2 Section Assessment

15. COMPARING AND CONTRASTING Analyze the similarities and differences between the situations of free blacks in the North and slaves in the South. THINK ABOUT • the experiences of African-American workers in the North • the conditions of rural and urban slaves • slave owners’ perceptions of the Northern “wage slave” SECTION 2 Slavery and Abolition HOME 2 Section Assessment

16. Learn About traditional women’s roles and reform activities. To Understand the early development of the women’s rights movement. SECTION 3 Women and Reform HOME

17. SECTION 3 Women and Reform HOME Key Idea Women reformers expand their efforts from reform movements—such as abolition and temperance—to work for women’s rights.

18. SUMMARIZING What were historical events, ideas, and people that relate to women addressing gender inequity in the 19th century? Women address gender inequity. Cult of domesticity Elizabeth Blackwell,Amelia Bloomer,Margaret Fuller Seneca Fallsconvention Stanton,Mott, the Grimké sisters Troy FemaleSeminary SECTION 3 Women and Reform HOME 33 Section Assessment

19. ANALYZING The Seneca Falls “Declaration of Sentiments” asserted that “woman is man’s equal.” In what ways would that change the status women held at that time? THINK ABOUT • women’s social, economic, and legal status in the early and mid-1800s • married women’s domestic roles • single women’s career opportunities and wages SECTION 3 Women and Reform HOME 33 Section Assessment

20. EVALUATING On a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 representing “most effective,” rank women’s effectiveness as reformers in the following areas: education, health, temperance, abolition, and women’s rights. THINK ABOUT • the problems that each social reform was directed toward • which reforms seem the most crucial, and why SECTION 3 Women and Reform HOME 3 Section Assessment

21. Learn About changes in manufacturing and factories. To Understand the problems faced by the emerging industrial workforce. SECTION 4 The Changing Workplace HOME

22. SECTION 4 The Changing Workplace HOME Key Idea A growing industrial workforce faces problems arising from changes in manufacturing and the creation of the factory system.

23. SUMMARIZING How did factory workers respond to worsening conditions? Worsening conditions in factories Workers responses: SECTION 4 The Changing Workplace HOME 4 Section Assessment the 1834 and 1836 strikes at Lowell the 1835 coal workers’ strike in Philadelphia the formation of the National Trades’ Union in 1834 the formation of the Ladies Industrial Association in 1845

24. ANALYZING ISSUES Did the positive effects of mechanizing the manufacturing process outweigh the negative effects? THINK ABOUT • changes in job opportunities for artisans, women, and unskilled male laborers • changes in employer-employee relationships • working conditions in factories • the cost of manufactured goods SECTION 4 The Changing Workplace HOME 4 Section Assessment

25. FORMING OPINIONS If you were working in a factory during the mid-1800s, would you be a striker or a strikebreaker? THINK ABOUT • how your decision would be affected by whether you were a native-born American or an immigrant • how your decision would be affected by whether you were an artisan or an unskilled laborer • the outcome of most strikes during the 1830s and 1840s SECTION 4 The Changing Workplace HOME 4 Section Assessment

26. 8 Chapter Assessment HOME 1. What new religious ideas set the stage for the reform movements of the mid-19th century? 2. Briefly explain the concept of transcendentalism. 3. How did Dorothea Dix contribute to reform during this period? 4. Summarize the key abolitionist beliefs of William Lloyd Garrison, David Walker, and Frederick Douglass. 5. Describe the conditions of urban and rural slavery.

27. 8 Chapter Assessment HOME 6. What steps did white Southerners take to suppress slave revolts? 7. What was the cult of domesticity? 8. What was the purpose of the Seneca Falls convention? 9. Briefly describe the working conditions of the young women in the Lowell textile mills. 10. Why was the formation of the National Trades’ Union important?