8th Grade Semester One English Exam Review

1. 8th Grade Semester One English Exam Review To be used in conjunction with review handout and your textbook.

2. Nouns

3. Nominative & Objective Case Nouns • The best source to study for this is your packet. • Page one covers your Nominative Case Nouns (S, SC, DA, Appos). • Page two covers your Objective Case Nouns (DO, IO, OP, Appos).

4. Nominative Case Nouns can be found on pages 251 & 252 in your textbook.

5. Nominative Case Nouns Subject: Where: They are usually at the front of the sentence in front of the verb. What: They are the noun or nouns that do the verb. Clue: Find the verb and ask “who” or “what” is doing it. Example: Susan walked three miles to her home. Subject Compliment: Where: They are always behind the linking verb toward the back of the sentence. What: They are nouns that restate the subjects in front of them. Clue: Find the subject and verb and ask the question “who” or “what”, look behind the l linking verb for the answer. (Remember, these can not be in prepositional phrases.) Example: My sister is the girl in the third row. Direct Address: Where: They can be in the front, middle, or end of the sentence. What: They are the nouns (usually people) that are being spoken to in the sentence. Clue: Most direct addresses are people, and commas always set them off. Example: Go to the store, Sarah, and buy some bread. Appositives: Where: They are always directly behind the noun they replace. (No verb is between them). What: They are nouns that repeat or restate a noun in front of them. Clue: They are similar to subject compliments without the linking verb between them, and commas sometimes set them off. Appositives in the Nominative case can restate subjects and subject compliments Example: Joseph, my neighbor, gave me a ride to school.

6. Objective Case Nouns - These can be found on pages 257-258 in your textbook.

7. Nouns in the Objective Case Direct Object: Where: They are behind the action verb. What: They are nouns that receive action from the verb. Clue: Find the subject and verb and ask “who” or “what”, look behind the verb for the answer. (Remember DO’s can not be in prepositional phrases). Example: Tony received the award for his speech. Object of Preposition: Where: They are the noun or nouns located behind the prepositions in the prepositional phrases. What: They are nouns that complete the prepositional phrases. Clue: You must know your prepositions!! Ask who or what after your preposition. Example: Jenny went {to the store} yesterday. Indirect Object: Where: They are behind the action verb and in front of the direct object. What: They are nouns that receive the direct object from the subject. Clue: Find the verb and direct object and ask “to whom” or “for whom”, Look behind the verb and in front of the direct object for the answer. You will NOT have an indirect object without a direct object, and they can never be in prepositional phrases. Example: The teacher gave the class a test. Appositives: Where: They are directly behind the noun they replace. (There is no verb between them. What: They are nouns that repeat or restate a noun in front of them. Clue: They are similar to subject compliments without the linking verb between them, and commas sometimes set them off. Appositives in the Objective case restate direct objects, objects of the prepositions, and indirect objects. Example: I gave the bone to Spike, my friend’s dog.

8. Possessive Nouns • You add ‘s to all singular nouns to make them possessive. Ex: glass’s • You add ‘s to all plural nouns that don’t end in “s” to make them possessive. Ex: children’s • You add just an ‘ to plural nouns that already end in “s” to make them possessive. Ex: boxes’

9. Possessive rules can be found on the third page of your packet & on page 254 of your textbook.

10. Plural Rules for Nouns • The many different rules for making nouns plural can be found on pages 246-248in your textbook.

11. Proper & Common Nouns –These rules can be found on page 241 of your textbook. Proper nouns are words that name a specific person, place, thing or idea. Proper nouns are capitalized so the reader can tell them apart from common nouns. Common nouns do not name a specific person, place, thing or idea. Common nouns are not capitalized unless they are at the beginning of a sentence or part of a title. Proper - George Washington Common – man Proper - White HouseCommon - building Proper - United States Constitution Common - document

12. Concrete & Abstract Nouns – These rules can be found on pages 242 & 243 of your textbook. Concrete nouns are words that represent objects one can see, hear, touch, smell, taste with the senses. Abstract nouns are anything one cannot literally see, hear, touch, smell or taste. Examples: Concrete Noun – Heart, Flag Abstract Noun – Love, Patriotism

13. Collective Nouns – These can be found on page 242 of your textbook. Collective nouns, a special class, name groups [things] composed of many members. Ex: armyaudienceboardcabinetclasscommitteecompanycorporation Each noun from the list above is a single thing.

14. Pronouns

15. Person of Pronouns – This can be found in your packet or on page 268 in the text book

16. Number of Pronouns – This can be found in your packet or on page 268 in the text book

17. Case of Pronouns – This can be found in your packet or on page 269 - 273 in the text book

18. Personal Pronouns Nominative Case: ( ____ baked a cake) SingularPlural I We (1st person) You You (2nd person) He, She, It They (3rd person) Objective Case: (Mary baked a cake for ______) SingularPlural Me Us (1st person) You You (2nd person) Him, Her, It Them (3rd person) Possessive Case: (That was ___ cake. The cake was ____) SingularPlural My, Mine Our, Ours (1st person) Your, Yours Your, Yours (2nd person) His, Her, Hers, Its Their, Theirs (3rd person) Remember: First person = person speaking Second person = person spoken to Third person = person spoken about Nominative parts of speech = Subject, Subject Compliment, Direct Address, Appositive Objective parts of speech = Direct Object, Indirect Object, Object of Preposition, Appositive Possessive part of speech = Adjective

19. Compound Pronouns – These can be found on page 278 of your textbook. • Compound Pronouns are also called reflexive and intensive pronouns. • They are the words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. • EX: • I gave myself plenty of time to get to work. • You should let yourself into the house.

20. Interrogative PronounsThese can be found on page 281 & 282 of your textbook. Interrogative pronouns take the place of nouns in questions. Interrogative pronouns include the words: who, whom, which and what Who = Subject Whom = Object Ex: Who is at home? Whom did you ask over? (you is the subject)

21. Relative PronounsThese can be found on page 284 & 285 of your textbook. Relative pronouns are used to link adjective clauses to other phrases or clauses. The relative pronouns are: who, whom, that, which Who = Subject Whom = Object Ex: The girl who sits behind me is talkative. The boy whom we invited is arriving. (weis the subject)

22. Demonstrative PronounsThese can be found on page 289 of your textbook. The four demonstrative pronouns are: this, that = singular these, those. = plural A demonstrative pronoun identifies and specifies a noun or pronoun. They point to something “Vanna White” pronouns.

23. Indefinite PronounsThese can be found on page 290 of your textbook. An indefinite pronoun refers to something that is not definite or specific or exact. Some plural indefinite pronouns are all, another, any, few, many, some, several. You can replace these with “THEY” to get the right verb. The singular indefinite pronouns are: anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, none, nothing, somebody, someone, something You can replace them with “HE” and get the right verb.

24. Distributive PronounsThese can be found on page 291 of your textbook. Distributive Pronouns are used distributively. They are: each, either, neither. These are always singular and can be replaces by “HE” to get the correct verb.

25. Pronoun Subject Verb Agreement Rules • Page 275: Pronouns after “than” or “as”(The pronoun behind must take the same case as the word it is being compared to.) Ex: The girl is as tall as (he, him). = subject form • Page 279: Agreement of Compound Pronouns(They must agree in number with the antecedent.) Ex: Susan asked (herself, themselves) a question. • Page 282: Who or Whom as Interrogative Pronouns(who = subj., whom = obj.) Ex: Who do you like? Whom did you ask that question? who = subject you = subject, so whom = object

26. Pronoun Subject Verb Agreement Rules Cont.. • Page 285: Who or Whom as Relative Pronouns(who = subject, whom = object) Ex: The girl who is tall is nice. (Who = subject) Ex: The boy whom we like is nice. (We = subject) • Page 292: Distributive & Indefinite Pronouns(all distributives = singular, each, either, neither; can replace with “he”.) (Indefinites that end with “one,” “thing,” or “body” are singular; can replace with “he”.) • Avoiding Double Negatives Ex: I didn’t do (anything, nothing).

27. Adjectives

28. Position of AdjectivesThis is found on page 305 in your text book. Adjectives can be: In front of the word they modify: That is a tall tree. A subject compliment behind a linking verb: That tree is tall. Directly behind the word it modifies: The tree, tall and green, is an Elm.

29. Descriptive AdjectivesThese can be found on page 303 of your textbook. These are words that describe a noun. They could be said to answer the question “what kind of.” Ex: That is my favorite book. My new car is blue. The loud music isn’t to my taste.

30. ArticlesThese can be found on page 308 of your textbook. • The three article are: a an the • Definite article is: THE • Indefinite articles are: AAN

31. Demonstrative AdjectivesThese can be found on page 309 &311 of your textbook. This That These Those • Singular: This, That • Plural: These, Those • Close: This, These • Distant: That, Those

32. Possessive AdjectivesThese can be found on page 309 of your textbook. • These are formed from possessive pronouns. My, mine, our, ours, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, their, theirs

33. Distributive AdjectivesThese can be found on page 309of your textbook. Each, Either, Neither, & Every

34. Indefinite AdjectivesThese can be found on page 309 of your textbook. • These represent an indefinite number. • Examples: some, few, many, several, all etc.

35. Interrogative AdjectivesThese can be found on page 309 of your textbook. • These ask a question. which, what, whose

36. Positive/Comparative/Superlative AdjectivesThese can be found on page 313-315 of your textbook. Positive is describing one thing. Ex: strong, interesting Comparative is describing two things: Ex: stronger, more/less interesting Superlative is describing more than two things. Ex: strongest, most/least interesting

37. Verbs

38. Simple TensesThese can be found on pages 338 of your textbook. Present: (today I…) jump sing Past: (yesterday I…) jumped sang Future: (Tomorrow I…) will jump will sing Passive Voice: (Tense is determined by helping verbs) Present: is, am, are, jumped is, am, are, sung Past: was, were, jumped was, were sung Future: will be jumped will be sung

39. Perfect Tenses (Compound) These can be found on page 340 of your textbook. Present Perfect: have, has jumped have, has sung Past Perfect: had jumped had sung Future Perfect: will have jumped will have sung Passive Voice: Add a form of “be” Present Perfect: have, hasbeen jumped have, hasbeen sung Past Perfect: hadbeen jumped hadbeen sung Future Perfect: will havebeen jumped will havebeen sung

40. Progressive Tenses- Pg. 342These always have a verb ending in “ing” Present Progressive: is, am, are, jumping is, am, are, singing Past Progressive: was, were jumping was, were singing Future Progressive: will be jumping will be singing Notice the tense is determined by the helping verbs Passive Voice: Move the “ing” to the additional form of “be.” Present Progressive: is, am, are, being jumped is, am, are, being sung Past Progressive: was, were being jumped was, were being sung Future Progressive: There is no form of this

41. Regular/Irregular VerbsThese can be found on page 323 of your textbook. Regular verbs are verbs that you add “d” or “ed” to from the present to the past tense. Ex: jump = jumped carry = carried waste = wasted Irregular verbs are verbs that you do anything else to from the present to the past tense. Ex: sing = sang take = took choose = chose

42. Active/Passive VoiceThese can be found on page 335 of your textbook. • In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Ex: Susanbaked a cake. • In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. Ex: The cake was baked by Susan. Passive voice will always have a form of “be” as a helping verb.

43. Troublesome VerbsThese can be found on pages327 - 329 of your textbook. SIT – To sit means to take a resting position. There is no object of this verb. sit sat have sat SET - Set must have a direct object. It means to place something in a position. set set have set • Lie means that the (subject) is doing something to himself or herself. lie lay have lain Lay means that the subject is acting on something else; therefore, it requires an object. lay laid have laid Raise is transitive, it needs a direct object. You do it to something else. raise raised have raised Rise is intransitive, it doesn’t have a direct object. You do it to yourself. rise rose have risen

44. Troublesome Verbs Cont.These can be found on pages327 - 329 of your textbook • Bring vs. Take • He brings his lunch to work every day. • • emphasizes movement in the direction of the destination. • bring brought have brought • She takes her lunch to work every day. • • emphasizes movement away from the starting point • take took have taken Leave as a verb means to depart or to go away. leave left have left Letas a verb means to allow or to permit. let let have let BORROW needs an object, you get something from someone else. LEND needs an indirect object + a direct object, you give something to someone else.

45. Transitive/Intransitive VerbsThese can be found on pages 331-332 of your textbook. The meaning of a transitive verb is incomplete without a direct object as in the following examples: The shelf holds three books. The committee named a new chairperson. An intransitive verb, on the other hand, cannot take a direct object. The shelf holds. The committee named.

46. Linking Verbs Action/Linking VerbsThese can be found on page 333 of your textbook. Common Linking Verbs Action Verbs do an action: Ex: jump, run, ask Linking verbs have a subject compliment: She is tired. It smell beautiful.

47. Subject/Verb Agreement RulesThese can be found on pages 350-360 of your textbook. There is a pod cast of all the subject/verb agreement rules on the classroom Wiki page in the “audio/video” page link. https://mjanes8.wikispaces.com/

48. Subjects Joined by “and”…Page 354 • When the subject of a sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns connected by and, You almost always should use a plural verb. You can replace the subjects with the pronoun they, and you will always get the right answer. • Ex: Sheand herfriends (is, are) at the fair. • Answer: They (are) at the fair.

49. Exceptions to That Rule… • Rarely, but sometimes, two subjects joined by and represent one object. If that is the case, you should use a singular verb. You can replace the subjects with he, she, or it, and the sentence will work. • Ex: Ice cream and cake (is, are) my favorite dessert. • Answer: It (is) my favorite dessert. • since the SC = one dessert, then the subject must be singular.

50. Compound Subjects Preceded by Each, Every, Many a, or No…Page 355 • When you have two subjects joined by “and” but preceded by “each” or “every”, “many a”, or “no”, you should use a singular verb. You can replace the subject with “he”, “she”, or “it” and it will work. • Ex: Every aunt and uncle (was, were) at the reunion. • He (was) at the reunion. • Ex: Each lion and tiger (is, are) dangerous. • It (is) dangerous.