High Middle Ages

1. High Middle Ages Mr. Stikes

2. SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics. • b. Describe the political impact of Christianity; include Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of Germany (Holy Roman Emperor).

3. Important Figures • Pope Gregory VII: (1073-1085) - Pope • King Henry IV: (1056-1106) King of Holy Roman Empire

4. The Church and Politics • How did the church influence politics?” Best example: • “Lay Investiture” Controversy (1074-1122) • Lay Investiture: Lay (non-church) leaders [kings] wanted to appoint clergy (church) leaders [bishops]

5. “Lay Investiture” Controversy (1074-1122) • Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture (meaning on he could appoint bishops) – King Henry IV of Holy Roman Empire does not want to give up this power

6. “Lay Investiture” Controversy (1074-1122) • Gregory VII threatens to excommunicate Henry. Henry tried to “depose” the pope (take him out of office) • Pope tells Henry’s vassals they no longer have to listen to him • Henry’s lords rebel & defeat him at Canossa (1077)

7. “Lay Investiture” Controversy (1074-1122) • Ends with Concordat of Worms (1122) • Emperor lost the right to appoint bishops while retaining the right to grant them land and secular political power • Long Term Results: • Political destabilization in central Europe until 1870’s • Germany and Italy not unified, unlike France and England

8. Height of Medieval Papal Power • Innocent III (1198-1216) • Goal: unite all of Christendom under papal rule to able to bring right order to the world • How? Crusades against heretics and to the Middle East

9. SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics. • c. Explain the role of the church in medieval society.

10. The Role of the Church • Christians throughout Western Europe recognized the Pope as the supreme spiritual leader. • Pope could provide legitimacy to a leader: • ex. – crowning of Charlemagne • In return, leaders provided military support • ex. - Donation of Pepin – Holy Roman Empire will protect Rome

11. So… Secular leaders provided military strength in exchange for Recognition of Papal (i.e. God’s) support

12. Problems in Europe • 9th and 10th centuries: Viking invasions leaves a power vacuum – the Church is the sole unified power throughout Europe

13. Problems in Europe • Problems with the church: • Illiterate parish priests • Bishops appointed by kings – often immoral

14. Reforms in Europe • Monasticism: • Tradition of Christians living outside the world began in Egypt (hermits) • Gradually, monasteries developed. • Important… • Monasteries: Cluny • Orders: Franciscans, Dominicans • Reformers: Francis of Assisi - (1182- 1226) preached a life of total poverty, charity and good works, and love for all; became one of the largest and most powerful of the monastic orders

15. Reforms in Europe • Inquisition: • Founded by Pope Gregory IX in 1232 to root out heresy – became misused • Popular Movements: • Albigensians: who rejected the leadership of the Church and marriage, all forms of materialism, and cooperation with the state • Waldensians: founded by Peter Waldo, who preached poverty, a strict moral life, and the use of the vernacular language

16. SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics. • d. Describe how increasing trade led to the growth of towns and cities.

17. High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 • Agriculture increased • Reasons: • End of invasions from Eastern Europe/Asia • Cultivation/clearing of new land • Spread of new techniques and technology (crop rotation, metal plow, horse collar) • Use of wind and water mills to provide power

18. High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 Increase in food Population growth Revival of trade, rise of towns (remember, excess food usually leads to technological innovation)

19. High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 • Revival of trade • Reasons: • Surplus food allows for specialization • Crusades encourage trade from Italy to Middle East/Constantinople • Cities like Pisa, Genoa, Milan and Venice take lead • Europeans want luxury goods like spices, silks • Stable government in Kievan Rus (Russia…remember?) allows for trade to N. Europe • Sea trade via Baltic Sea, rivers, Black Sea

20. High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 • Revival of trade • Results: • Rise of money economy in Europe (Why?) • Beginning of banking system

21. High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 • Rise of cities • Reasons: • Excess food supplies • Increased Trade

22. High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 • Rise of cities • Results: • Rise of a middle class • Had no place in feudal system • Master artisans, merchants • Belief in individual initiative • Began to demand role in government

23. High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 • Rise of cities • Results: • Rise of Guilds • Guild: “medieval business association of merchants or crafts workers” • Purpose: control price, quality • Levels of skill: apprentice, journeyman, master

24. High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 • Rise of cities • Results: • Freedom • Outside feudal system, serfs could become free and advance in cities • Money allowed large building projects and provided protection

25. Assignment • Create a study guide including the following: • Crusades: Why do they matter? • Gregory VII • Henry IV (HRE) • Lay Investiture • Concordat of Worms • Relationship between church and politics • 2 Problems with the Medieval church • 3 Reforms of the Medieval church • How agriculture revived trade, which in turn led to the rise of cities.