The High Middle Ages

1. The High Middle Ages And the Transition to the Renaissance Western Civilization – January 11, 2013

3. Section 4 Review • Anti-Semitism: • Pope Boniface VIII: • King Philip IV: • Avignon: • Great Schism: • Henry V: • Agincourt: • Joan of Arc:

4. Section 4 Review 2. Explain why anti-Semitism increased during the spread of the black death. - The Jews caused it by poisoning wells 3. Identify the innovations from the Hundred Years’ War that changed the nature of warfare. - peasant foot soldiers, not knights, won the main battles; use of the longbow; use of cannons

5. Section 4 Review 4. Explain how Henry VII strengthened his monarchy in the 1400s. - he ended civil conflicts by abolishing nobles’ private armies; did not overburden nobles and middle class with taxes.

6. Section 4 Review 5. How did the economic effects of the Black Death help to break down the institution of serfdom? - 1/3 of population dead = labor shortage - 1/3 of population dead = less income - serfs moved to the cities - serfs revolted and demanded more freedom

7. Section 4 Review 6. What key issues underlay the dispute between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV over taxing the clergy? - who would have supreme authority – church or state?

8. The Black Death

9. The Black Death • Deadly plague that spread across Europe from 1346 – 1352 • Caused by a form of bacteria • Appeared in three forms: • Pneumonic: attacked the lungs • Septicemic: appeared in the bloodstream • Bubonic: caused buboes on the body

10. The Black Death Bulbous Septicemia Form:almost 100% mortality rate.

11. The Black Death • Originated in Mongolia and spread to Black Sea along Silk Road • Bacteria carried by fleas who lived on black rats • Italian merchant ships brought rats to Europe along with trade goods • First appeared in Sicily and eventually spread

12. The Black Death Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria. Bacteria multiply in flea’s gut. Human is infected! Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound. Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.

13. The Black Death • Why couldn’t people stop it? • People were ignorant about its cause; they blamed the stars, God’s anger, and the Jews • They tried ineffective cures such as pomanders, flagellation, and repentance of sins.

14. The Black Death • How did the plague change life in Europe? • Killed one third of the population • Forced farmers to diversify their crops • Peasants revolted and demanded more freedom • Working class moved to cities to earn better wages • Reduced the power of the feudal lords

15. The Great Schism (1378 – 1417) • The Power of the Church vs. the Power of the State Vs. Pope Boniface VIII French King Philip IV

16. The Great Schism (1378 – 1417) • Philip IV moved Papacy to Avignon • 1305 – 1377 • 1378 – Gregory XI returns papacy to Rome • Upon his death, cardinals elect Italian Urban VI

17. The Great Schism (1378 – 1417) • French cardinals, unsatisfied, elect a 2nd pope • 2 popes, 1 church • France & allies support pope in Avignon • England & allies support pope in Rome • 1409 – failed resolution led to 3 popes • 1417 – council in Switzerland resolved the issue an elected a new pope

18. The Great Schism (1378 – 1417)

19. The Great Schism (1378 – 1417) • Effects of the Schism: • Lost faith in the papacy and the church • Call for reforms

20. Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453) • Causes: • French land belonged to England • Gascony, Brittany, & Aquitine

21. Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453) • Causes: • Conflict over Flanders • Wool industry • Wants independence from France • Asks England for help

22. Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453) • Causes: • French Struggle for National Identity • France was NOT a united country before the war began. • The French king only controlled about half of the country.

23. Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453) • Agincourt (1415) • King Henry V baits French into attacking fortified position • Gained: • Normandy • Paris • Most of Northern France

24. Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453) • Height of English Dominance

25. Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453) • Joan of Arc • Young French peasant woman who was inspired by God to save France • Convinced Charles VII to let her lead an army against the English in 1429 • Helped push the English armies out of central France • Was captured by the Burgundians (sided with British), accused of heresy, and burned at the stake in 1431; was sainted in 1922

26. Europe’s Transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance

27. Europe’s Transition to the Renaissance

28. The Black DeathClick forward and examine the image. What details do you see? Triumph of Death c. 1562 (220 Kb); Oil on panel, 117 x 162 cm; Museo del Prado, Madrid http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/bruegel/death.jpg

29. Europe’s Transition to the Renaissance Black Death killed 1/3 of Europe’s population Peasants revolted and demanded more freedoms

30. The Hundred Years’ WarThis is Joan of Arc, a famous French woman who commanded an army during the 100 Years’ War, which was between Britain and France. Though she was captured and burned by the British for being a witch, she helped France win the war. Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans Jules EugèneLenepveu, painted 1886–1890 http://www.answers.com/topic/siege-of-orl-ans

31. Europe’s Transition to the Renaissance Black Death killed 1/3 of Europe’s population Peasants revolted and demanded more freedom Hundred Years’ War allowed monarchs to build huge armies of peasants, which reduced power of lords and knights and increased patriotism

32. Trade and Commerce Change Town Life French manuscript Fifteenth century, depicting the excahnge of goods and money

33. Europe’s Transition to the Renaissance Black Death killed 1/3 of Europe’s population Peasants revolted and demanded more freedom Hundred Years’ War allowed monarchs to build huge armies of peasants, which reduced power of lords and knights and increased patriotism Trade expands; People moved to cities to earn better wages; form guilds Status began to be determined by wealth and ability, not just birthright; The idea of a Middle Class begins to form

34. The Growth of Italian City-StatesBelow is an image of Florence during the 1400s Pianta della Catena c. 1470, painting of Florence cityscape

35. Europe’s Transition to the Renaissance Black Death killed 1/3 of Europe’s population Peasants revolted and demanded more freedom Hundred Years’ War allowed monarchs to build huge armies of peasants, which reduced power of lords and knights and increased patriotism The Medici family became patrons of Florence by using their profits to promote scholarship and the arts while they governed the city Middle class merchants gained control of great sums of money by organizing banks, which lent money to monarchs and nobles Trade expands; People moved to cities to earn better wages; form guilds Status began to be determined by wealth and ability, not birthright; The idea of a Middle Class begins to take form Italian cities, with ties to Byzantine and Muslim merchants, became rich and powerful

36. The Spirit of the Renaissance Cardinal Bessarion Humanist in his study, 15th century

37. Europe’s Transition to the Renaissance Middle Ages – a devotion to God and the maintenance of a strict social hierarchy Renaissance – a rebirth of classical learning and a belief in human potential Breakdown of Feudalism Scholars and artists looked to art and writings from ancient Greece and Rome for guidance (Classical learning) Black Death killed 1/3 of Europe’s population Peasants revolted and demanded more freedom Crusades to the Middle East and the resulting spread of Greek and Islamic scholars made Europeans eager to learn more about the world Hundred Years’ War allowed monarchs to build huge armies of peasants, which reduced power of lords and knights and increased patriotism Medici family of Florence used their profits to promote scholarship and the arts (patrons) while they governed the city Middle class merchants gained control of great sums of money by organizing banks, which lent money to monarchs and nobles Trade expands; People moved to cities to earn better wages; form guilds Status began to be determined by wealth and ability, not just birthright; The idea of a Middle Class takes form Italian cities, with ties to Byzantine and Muslim merchants, became rich and powerful

38. So, what is the Renaissance?Answer: the Beginning of Modern Europe • Era in Europe characterized by financial, artistic, social, scientific, and political growth • Started in the Italian city-states and spreads North • Public focus shifted from religion and the afterlife to the secular (non-religious) world • Much of the financial growth was used to support the arts