Presentation Transcript

1. 1000-1500

   The High Middle Ages

2. The Crusades Objectives: Identify the main causes of the crusades Describe the outcome of the first crusade Describe the outcomes of the other major crusades Explain how the crusades affected Europe
3. Causes of the Crusades Seljuq Turks gained control of Palestine Byzantine emperor called upon Pope Urban II for Help called on Europe’s nobles to stop fighting among themselves and join in a war to win back the Holy Land. Crusades-series of military expeditions to the Holy Lands 10,000 joined the effort Reasons people went Save their soul, to gain wealth and land, and adventure
4. The First Crusade: 1096-1099 Travel was difficult: heat, lack of food, water, and pack animals Crusaders main target was the holy city of Jerusalem After the crusaders captured Jerusalem: European customs & institution was established Crusaders set up 4 small states Introduced feudalism & divided land into fiefs Trade between Europe and the Holy Land developed Christians & Muslims respected each other
5. Other Major Crusades The Second Crusade (1146-1149) Turks recaptured crusaders cities Resulted in crusaders’ defeat at Damascus The Third Crusade (1189-1192) Resulted due to Saladin’s recapture of Jerusalem Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, France King Phillip II, and King Richard of England led armies Richard/Saladin Truce: crusaders receive some control of Palestine coast and Christians entered Jerusalem freely
6. Other Major Crusades Fourth Crusade Pope Innocent III gathered French knights Venetians controlled Byzantine trade Constantinople was controlled for 60 yrs. by Western Europe Children's Crusade (1212) Young people marched to reclaim the Holy Land Lacked proper training, equipment, or supplies Tricked into loading onto ships bound for slavery instead of the Holy Land Crusades lasted until 1291 Capture of the city Acre, ended the crusades
7. Results of the Crusades Weapons & Warfare Crossbow was weapon of choice Learned how to undermine walls, use catapults, and gunpowder Political Changes Kings power grew stronger due to fewer feudal lords Kings new taxes and armies brought end to feudalism Christian church became more powerful Ideas and Trade Cultural exchange of ideas and trade patterns Italian cities became major trading cities
8. The Revival of Trade Objectives: Explain the factors that led to the revival of trade in Europe Describe goods traded in Europe and explain why fairs began Identify important business developments that resulted from the growth of trade
9. Trade Goods and Markets Crusades increased demand for Asian products Villages held markets or fairs to sell goods Rulers placed tax on each item which allowed rulers to provide special services for merchants Fairs were important because it promoted economic growth, social activity, and communication Business at fairs was done through the barter system Money changers placed values on currency based on other regional currencies
10. Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment Domestic system developed during the middle ages Manufacturing took place at home Money Changers were the 1st bankers Christian church did not allowUsury, charging interest on loans Allowed to collect interest on loans for business matters Developed bills of exchange, special notes, to move money easier Europeans started investing in capital Formed partnerships to pay for new business
11. The Growth of Towns Objectives: Identify rights townspeople gained during the late Middle Ages Explain how merchant and craft guilds contributed to their communities Describe how the growth of cities helped lead to the decline of serfdom
12. The Rights of Townspeople Town charters of liberties showed the townspeople’s independence from the manor 4 Basic Rights Freedom- Anyone who lived in a town for 1 year and 1 day became free Exemption- won right to not work at a manor Town Justice- Towns had their own courts Commercial Privilege- sell good freely & charge tolls to outsiders
13. Guilds Merchant guilds guaranteed business to its members by charging fees to merchants from outside the town. Craft guilds set rules and standards for themselves. Apprentices learned a craft by living and training with master workers. Journeymen were artisans who had not yet created a masterpiece.
14. Guilds & Medieval Towns Middle Class were merchants and master workers Preferred Kings over nobles due to stability of government During the Middle Ages, the middle class gained power Towns and cities gave serfs a chance to escape manor life.
15. The Black Death Devastating Plague from 1347-1351 Began in Asia & spread by trade routes The Black Death that devastated Europe was carried by fleas on rats. Estimated 1/3rd of population died The Black Death allowed the workers that were left to charge higher wages.
16. Life & Culture in the Middle Ages Objectives: Analyze changes in the languages and literature during the Middle Ages Examine changes in education during the Middle Ages Identify developments made in philosophy and science Describe the characteristic architecture of the later Middle Ages
17. Language and Literature Latin was the written & spoken language of educated people Non-educated people used vernacular languages, or everyday speech Troubadours are traveling singers who wrote poems about love and chivalry Miracle, Morality, & mystery plays were short dramas with religious or biblical terms
18. Language and Literature Dante Alighieri Poet who help spread Tuscan dialect Wrote The Divine Comedy, an imaginary journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven Geoffrey Chaucer English writer who popularized Middle English Most famous work is The Canterbury Tales, stories told from the point of view from 30 traveling pilgrims
19. Education Schools began to appear in towns at monasteries and churches Teachers and students united to form guilds called universities or “association of people” Formed the guilds to gain rights for themselves and to train people Between 1000-1200, four universities developed with each having its own program By 1400, the number of universities had grown and all had the same programs
20. Philosophy Philosophy and science was studied in the context of religious faith Scholasticism was the attempt to bring faith and reason together Peter Abelard Wrote Sic et Non that raised questions about the teachings of the church Thomas Aquinas A monk whose work in Summa Theologiae summarized medieval Christian thought
21. Science Bible and the church was the main source of information about the world Math and Optics received the most attention Mechanical devices (winches & pulleys) were improved Farming tools were developed to make farming easier Windmills & waterwheels were used to draw up water
22. Architecture Church architecture was the main form of art Used arch domes, vaults, and low horizontal lines similar to the Romans prior to 1100 AD By mid 1100’s, Gothic style was developed A style of Architecture known for elaborate arches and spires Everything reached toward heaven Large stain glassed windows set in the high walls Statues of saints and rulers lined the inside of the church
23. Wars and the Growth of Nations Objectives: Identify how the Hundred Years’ War affected England and France Analyze how Spain’s rulers both strengthened and weakened their nation. Explain how the Holy Roman Empire remained weak throughout the later Middle Ages
24. England Hundred Years War (1337-1453) began when England’s King Edward III claimed the French throne. Use of the longbow gave England an advantage during the war Longbows, gunpowder, and cannons weakened the knights importance
25. England Hundred Year War results: England lost to France Parliament became more powerful King needs Parliaments consent on special taxes War of Roses(1455-1485) Fought over control of the English throne Henry Tudor, House of Lancaster, won the war House of York House of Lancaster
26. France House of Burgundy and House of Orleans fought for control Charles VII gained control after Joan of Arc fought for him Estates General loses power and the French monarchy became stronger King Louis XI united France as country in 1461
27. Spain Ferdinand and Isabella United as a nation in 1479 Took power away from church & nobles Gave Spain a strong monarchy Lost power in industry and trade after driving out non- Christians
28. Holy Roman Empire HRE was made up of Germany & Italy Habsburgs gained power through political marriage Unable to unite HRE due to independent Princes in Germany & the Pope in Italy refusing to surrender power to the emperors.
29. Challenges to Church Power Objectives: Identify the factors that led to the decline of the Catholic Church in the later Middle Ages. Describe how the Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism affected the Church. Explain why great teachers and priests challenged the church during the later Middle Ages
30. Church Power Weakens Reasons for Decline Shifting of power to strong governments Kings &Townspeople thought church limited trade & industry People questioned church method for raising money, its wealth, and lifestyle of clergy Philip IV forced clergy to pay taxes Accused Pope of heresy and had him captured
31. Babylonian Captivity Clement V moved the church headquarters to Avignon, France From 1309- 1377 the Pope lived in Avignon People felt the Pope was being controlled by French Kings
32. Great Schism Period of time from 1377-1417 Church was divided into opposing groups Each pope had support from rulers and clergy Council of Constance ended the Great Schism Elected a new Italian Pope Suggested councils be held to correct church problems
33. More Problems Defender of Faith Pope was elected head of the church alone Church power belong to a council of clergy & lay people John Wycliffe Believed power of the church should be replaced by the Bible Promoted the Bible be translated from Latin to English where people could read it and interpret it for themselves Accused of heresy and banned from teaching