Three Worlds Collide

1. Three Worlds Collide Migration to America Chapter 1 Section 1

2. Peopling of America • Ancient People • Crossed into Alaska from Asia during the Ice Age 20,000+ yrs ago • Looking for food

3. Peopling of America • Asia • Present sea level • America • Sea level 20,000 years ago

4. Beringia Land Bridge

6. Hunters and Gatherers • Nomadic people moved from location to location looking for food • They could find bird eggs in 1 location, fish in another, grasses in still another

7. Hunters and Gatherers • The food supply for these people was uncertain • As the climate warmed, the large game died out, which were needed for food, shelter, tools and clothes • game became smaller and faster. • Weapons changed accordingly

8. Hunters and Gatherers • Ice melted and sea levels rose causing the land bridge to disappear

9. Agriculture • Between 10,000 and 5,000 years ago people began to plant seeds • Eventually, they saw that most of their food came from crops and their nomadic ways could end

10. Agriculture • With a more dependable food supply, populations increase, permanent houses are constructed and the need for pottery begins.

12. Empires of Latin America Inca – Andes Mts. Olmec – on the Gulf of Mexico Maya – in the Yucatan Aztec – Central Mexico

13. Ancient Desert Farmers • The desert dwellers built homes in the sides of steep cliffs • Though water is not plentiful in the Gila and Salt River Valleys, these people grew corn, squash, and peppers

15. Ancient Desert Farmers • The Hohokam and Anasazi settled here about 1000 BC

16. Mound Builders • People near the Mississippi River, the Adena, Hopewell and Mississ- ippian, made mounds shaped like animals and birds.

17. Their fate? • These Indian groups were the ancestors of the Indians who were here when European explorers and colonists arrived.

18. Three Worlds Collide North American Societies – 1492 Chapter 1 Section 2

20. Diverse Societies • California’s varied geography and climates led to a variety of cultures, from mountain dwellers to those dependant upon the ocean.

21. Diverse Societies • The people of the Pacific Northwest depended upon the ocean for food. • The made totem poles and canoes from the large trees • They held potlatches, where they gave all their possessions away.

22. Totem Poles

23. Diverse Societies • The Kwakiult, Nootka, and Haida of the Pacific Northwest, collected shells and used whales for food and shelter.

24. Diverse Societies • The Indians of the Southwest faced a harsh climate dominated by drought. • They built pueblos from desert sand and irrigated their fields using advanced systems

26. Diverse Societies • The Indians of the Eastern Woodlands, like the Iroquois, had a varied diet, depending on the forest for food • In the southern area, they grew corn and squash • First to meet the English colonists.

29. Culture Patterns • Using materials or crafts from their areas, the Indians developed trade routes that went as far as New England to Mexico. • Page 11 of your text lists many items used by different Indian cultures.

31. Culture Patterns • Indians did not believe it was possible to “own” land any more than it was possible to own the air. • Land was not a commodity to be bought or sold, but life itself. • This attitude was very different from the Europeans who plowed and fenced everything.

32. Culture Patterns • Indians lived close to the land and their religion reflected that. • Their religion was filled with spirits and passed generations ‘lived’ to guide present generations. Sun Kachina

33. Culture Patterns • Indians formed strong family ties, kinship, among its tribal members • Tasks were divided between men and women, but differed depending on the tribe • Many were matriarchal, or kept ties through the mother’s family • Others were patriarchal

34. African Cultures Chapter 1 Section 3

35. West Africa • Between 400 and 1500, the West African empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai grew and Prospered • By trading gold and salt • West Africa is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the North and Atlantic Ocean to the West and South • Sahara- Arabic for desert, takes up much of interior W. Africa • the edges of the Sahara have grasslands and scrub forest=savannah

36. West Africa in 1400’s

37. West Africa • Niger River served as a pathway for migration and trade (East-West) • Camels were introduced by Arabs, they opened long-distance trade routes through the Sahara • As trade increased in Africa, Islam began to spread through Muslim traders from the Middle East • Spread to N. Africa by 711 and West Africa by the 900’s • W. Africa prospered b/c of the gold trade

40. Empires of West Africa • Soninke Empire-Ghana • Grew wealthy off the salt and gold trade • Ended in early 1200’s b/c gold mines opened in Bure • Malinke -from the upper Niger Valley, Mali • Controlled gold trade from Bure • Opened new mines in Akan region • Shifted trade further east • Established Timbuktu as a center for trade • Sorko Empire- Niger River east of Mali Songhai Empire • Seized Timbuktu

41. Forest Kingdoms of Guinea • Guinea, located in W. Africa’s southern coast, had small kingdoms • b/c of the dense forest • Yoruba (Ife) and Edo (Benin) were hunters, farmers, and traders • Rich farmland=surplus of food • Traded for salt and copper

42. Central and South Africa • Central Africa • Dense vegetation made trade difficult • Villages were located along rivers • Fished, grew wheat, and raised livestock • Matrilineal societies, descent was traced through mothers • Southern Africa • Kongo- 1400 along Zaire River • Farmers

43. Slavery • Slavery existed in African society • Most slaves were captured in war • Were either sold back to their people or they were absorbed into a new African Society • By the early 1400’s, the Akan people acquire enslaved Africans to clear land and mine for gold • Portuguese purchased slaves to work on sugar plantations • Europeans set up sugar plantations on Mediterranean Islands and the West coast of Africa • heavy manual labor and a large labor force= thousands of slaves

44. Slave Trade in West Africa http://premodeconhist.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/slave-caravans-on-the-road.jpg

45. Three Worlds Meet European Cultures Chapter 1 Section 4

46. Collapse of Roman Empire • For centuries, the Roman Empire established economic and political stability • After the collapse, Western Europe became isolated from the world • Trade declined, law and order vanished, and money was no longer used • Collapse led to the Middle Ages 500s-1400s • Feudalism-new political system where powerful leaders gave power to nobles in exchange for their loyalty • Led to frequent warfare in feudal society

50. Manorial System • Describes the economic relationship between nobles and peasants • Peasants provided a variety of services for their lords in return for protection • Farmed land, took care of the livestock, hunted for food, etc. • Most peasants were serfs- people bound to the land • couldn’t leave without permission