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Test 1

Test 1. Grades were “Fair”, But ADD 10 POINTS to Your Score (Don’t Count on it for Next Test!) Grades After “Curve” A/B = 88 B/C = 75 C/D = 62 D/F = 50. Evidence Why You Should Attend Class Regularly. 2000. 1999. # of Quizzes Taken Avg. Grade 3 69.23 71.05

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Test 1

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  1. Test 1 • Grades were “Fair”, • But ADD 10 POINTS to Your Score • (Don’t Count on it for Next Test!) • Grades After “Curve” • A/B = 88 • B/C = 75 • C/D = 62 • D/F = 50

  2. Evidence Why You Should Attend Class Regularly 2000 1999 # of Quizzes Taken Avg. Grade 3 69.23 71.05 2 60.36 59.88 1 58.46 57.16 0 56.17 59.33* Quiz Attendance (a proxy for overall attendance) explains a full letter grade difference in Test 1 scores! * Only 3 tests, so probably not Significant

  3. Question of Time - Quiz • If you plotted all of geologic time on a time line as long as the circumference of the Earth (25,000 mi or 40,000 km), what distance would represent 1 year? • What distance would represent 75 years? • What distance would represent 1 semester (4 months)?

  4. The Whole Earth Time Line • Circumference of the Earth is 25,000 mi (40,000 km) • What distance would represent 1 year? • Divide Distance by # of Years (4,600,000,000 yr) • Easiest if We Use Metric Units

  5. The Whole Earth Time Line • 40,000 km / 4,600,000,000 yr = • distance represented by 1 year? • 40,000,000 m / 4,600,000,000 yr = • 4,000,000,000 cm / 4,600,000,000 yr = • 0.87 cm / yr (0.34 inch / year)

  6. The Whole Earth Time Line • 0.87 cm / yr (0.34 inch / year) • X 75 yr = 65 cm • (Lifetime = 25.7 inches) • X 0.33 yr = 0.29 cm • (Semester = 0.7 inch)

  7. Don’t Write This Down! • 40,000,000,000,000 microns / (4,600,000,000 yr X 365 day/yr X 24 hr/day) = 0.99 micron / hour • This Lecture would be just over 1 micron long on the Whole Earth Time Line. • The paper you are writing on is about 100 microns thick

  8. Geology 1 (Kite) Quiz 4 15 Feb 2000 Fill out the landslide classification chart on the next slide: Put anext to the two most deadly types of landslides worldwide. Put a $ next to the most costly types of landslides in the Appalachians. Put a Flying WV next to all landslides common in the Appalachian region Which 2 States lead the US in Landslide damage per person? Which 2 States lead the US in Total Landslide Damage? What are the causes of Landslides? This Quiz MUST BE TURNED IN TODAY (15 February, 2000) for any credit.

  9. “Soil” Landslides Rock Debris Earth Fall Topple Planar Slide Type of Motion Rotational Slide Flow Avalanche

  10. Last Time We Learned...Best Way to Break Rock: • Create Tension Within.

  11. Cement Leached Out by CaCO3 Dissolution • NOx or SO2 or CO2 + Water = Acid • Acid + Calcite = Ions in Solution

  12. Cement Leached Out by CaCO3 Dissolution • NOx or SO2 or CO2 + Water = Acid • Acid + Calcite = Ions in Solution

  13. Cement Leached Out by CaCO3 Dissolution • NOx or SO2 or CO2 + Water = Acid • Acid + Calcite = Ions in Solution

  14. Role of Rock Type • Bedding, Foliation, Joints = Avenues for Weathering • Spheroidal Weathering .

  15. Weathering “Front”

  16. Weathering “Rind”

  17. Speroidal Weathering

  18. Role of Rock Type • Porosity: % Void Space • Permeability: Ability for Fluid to Penetrate • Particle Size: • Volume v. Surface Area .

  19. Temp Weathering“Facies” Strong Physical Very Slight Strong Chemical Rainfall

  20. SOILS • Soils (Engineering): Unconsolidated Earthy Materials • Soils (Soil Science, Geology) Unconsolidated Earthy Materials that Support Life

  21. Transported Soils vs.Residual Soils • Wind Depositsin Situ Weathering • Stream Depositsof Bedrock • Glacier Deposits • Beach Deposits

  22. Soil-Forming Factors • Climate • Organisms • Relief (Topography) • Parent Material • Time .

  23. Soils Vary a Great Deal From Region to Region Soil Orders - USA

  24. Ye Olde Soil Horizons • A - Topsoil • B - Subsoil • C - Unaltered Unconsolidated Material .

  25. Ye Olde Soil Horizons • A - Topsoil • B - Subsoil C - Unaltered Unconsolidated Material

  26. Modern Soil Horizons • O - Organic Mat at the Surface • A - Topsoil: Removal of Clay, Iron, etc. • B - Subsoil: Accumulation of Clay, Iron, • Humus, etc. • C - Barely Altered Unconsolidated Material • R - Solid Bedrock .

  27. Modern Soil Horizons O • A • B C R

  28. Mass Movement = Mass Wasting • colluvial processes • slope processes • slope failures • LANDSLIDES

  29. Strength of Slope = Cohesion + Strength of Material • Strength of Material Varies with Moisture • Poor Drainage: Slope Instability .

  30. Angle of Internal Friction Stable Angle of Slope for a Material .

  31. Angle of Internal Friction • Qtz Sandstone = 90o

  32. Angle of Internal Friction • Shale = 45o • or 1:1 Slope

  33. Angle of Internal Friction • Old Landslide Deposits = 5-25o

  34. Angle of Internal Friction • Clay = 1-15o

  35. Shear Strength/Shear Stress • Factor of Safety

  36. “Soil” Landslides Rock Debris Earth Rock Fall Debris Fall Earth Fall Fall Topple Rock Topple Debris Topple Earth Topple Planar Slide Rock Slide Debris Slide Earth Slide Type of Motion Rotational Slide Rock Slump Debris Slump Earth Slump Flow Rock Flow Debris Flow Earth Flow Rock Avalanche Debris Avalanche Earth Avalanche Avalanche

  37. Basic Landslide Classification Material “Soil” Rock Debris Earth Type of Motion

  38. Material Rock: Bedrock Soil: Unconsolidated Material Debris: >20 % Big Stuff (>2 mm) Earth: <20 % Big Stuff (>2 mm)

  39. “Soil” Landslides Rock Debris Earth Fall Topple Planar Slide Type of Motion Rotational Slide Flow Avalanche

  40. Types of Landslides

  41. “Soil” Landslides Rock Debris Earth Rock Fall Debris Fall Earth Fall Fall Fall Topple Topple Rock Topple Debris Topple Earth Topple Planar Slide Rock Slide Debris Slide Earth Slide Type of Motion Rotational Slide Rock Slump Debris Slump Earth Slump Flow Rock Flow Debris Flow Earth Flow Avalanche Rock Avalanche Debris Avalanche Earth Avalanche

  42. Landslides Topple Fall

  43. Landslides - Topple

  44. Landslides - Rock Fall Fall

  45. 70 ton Boulder: “Mon” Blvd., 10 March 1994

  46. “Soil” Landslides Rock Debris Earth Rock Fall Debris Fall Earth Fall Fall Topple Rock Topple Debris Topple Earth Topple Planar Slide Planar Slide Rock Slide Debris Slide Earth Slide Type of Motion Rotational Slide Rotational Slide Rock Slump Debris Slump Earth Slump Flow Rock Flow Debris Flow Earth Flow Avalanche Rock Avalanche Debris Avalanche Earth Avalanche

  47. Landslides Planar Slide = “Slide” Rotational Slide = “Slump”

  48. Landslides Planar Slide = “Slide” Rotational Slide = “Slump”

  49. Landslides Planar Slide = “Slide” Rotational Slide = “Slump”

  50. “Slump”

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