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Initiation. 1. In respect to implosives, which is more common, uvular or labial sounds? 2. Few languages contrast implosives with what?3. Write two symbols used for clicks.4. What is significant about the oral closure of clicks? Describe the steps involved in a click.5. In what phonetic environm
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1. Test 1 Class Questions
Fall 2007
2. Initiation 1. In respect to implosives, which is more common, uvular or labial sounds?
2. Few languages contrast implosives with what?
3. Write two symbols used for clicks.
4. What is significant about the oral closure of clicks? Describe the steps involved in a click.
5. In what phonetic environment might one find implosives in American English?
3. Initiation 6. Describe how a phonated and nasalized background for clicks is possible.
7. Phonologically speaking, in what two ways can clicks contrast?
8. The three types of ejectives include Affricates, Fricatives, and _____________.
9. Name one language that uses clicks.
10. Of ejectives, implosives, and clicks, which form of initiation is found in ~18% of all human languages?
4. Phonation (1) Draw a laryngeal waveform for each of the following sounds:
(a) modal (b) breathy (c) creaky
(2) Describe the state of vocal folds of the following sounds.
(a) [B] (b) [?] (c) [m]
(d) [?] (e) [ß] (f ) [?]
(g) [?] (h) [b?]
(3) Transcribe the following sentence. Replace the voiceless obstruents with the ejective equivalents and replace the voiced plosives or nasals with implosives at the corresponding place of articulation.
(a) Watch what you’re doing.
(b) Can I get a glass of milk?
5. Phonation In most accents of English, voiced obstruents are often fully voiced when they are in between two voiced sonorants. Elsewhere they usually lack glottal vibration during the stop closure. Transcribe the following sentence and add the devoicing diacritic where the glottal pulsing would most likely not occur.
Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold up his coat.
6. Phonation (5) Pick up the wrong phonation type description(s) among the following: [*editors note, be careful with this one]
(a) voiced: [slack] or [not spread]
(b) breathy: [stiff ] and [constricted glottis]
(c) creaky: [constricted glottis]
(d) voiceless: [stiff] or [spread]
(6) Draw a simplified spectrogram of the following sounds and write a short paragraph to explain your answer. Notate the important landmarks on the spectrograms.
(a) [ph] in aspirating language
(b) [b] in aspirating language
(c) [p] in voicing language
(d) [b] in voicing language
7. Stops and Affricates 1. What do all stops have in common?
2. What is the relationship between slack and breathy voice?
3. What is the relationship between stiff voice and creaky voice?
4. What is the difference between voiceless sounds and aspirated sounds?
8. Stops and Affricates 5. In affricates, what are the categories of difference in the place of articulation?
6. How do you create an affricate?
7. Do English and German have longer or shorter VOT than French and Spanish?
8. What is the difference between a stop, affricate and fricative?
9. Answer Abercrombie’s questions for an aspirated and unaspirated affricate.
9. Fricatives 1. What are the 2 different types of fricatives and how do they differ? What is the difference on a waveform between the noise of a fricative and aspiration?
2. What makes a voiced fricative so rare?
3. What is the airstream mechanism used for fricatives and is it ingressive or egressive?
4. An <s> is a fricative, what is its active and passive articulators?
10. Fricatives 5. Why is it difficult for children and people with speech disorders to produce fricatives?
6. What produces the turbulent airflow?
7. What determines the degree of turbulence in a fricative? How is this reflected in the spectra of fricatives?
8. List and describe the 2 types of turbulence a fricative can have.
9. What makes fricatives similar to vowels? Approximants?
10. Why are sibilants more common than other fricatives?
11. Nasals 1. What is the primary articulatory and airflow differences between oral, nasal and nasalized sounds?
2. Name the POAs for the 7 nasals.
3. List the IPA symbols for the 3 nasals in American English.
4. What is considered the “nasal formant”?
12. Nasals 5. What acoustic segment is associated with the nasal murmur? What spectral characteristics does the murmur have?
6. What are anti-formants and what do they have to do with nasals? What do they look like on a spectrogram or spectrum?
7. If nasals have lower frequencies, what would you expect the formants to look like?
13. Acoustics 1. The three waveforms below represent the English words ‘new,’ ‘vicinity,’ and ‘city.’ Match each word with its waveform.
