25.2 Industrialization

1. 25.2 Industrialization The factory system changes the way people live and work, introducing a variety of problems

2. Industrialization Changes Life • Factory Work • Factories pay more than farms, spur demand for more expensive goods • Industrial Cities Rise • Urbanization—city-building and movement of people to cities • Growing population provides work force and a market for factory goods • British industrial cities: London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool

5. As cities grew, people crowded into tenements and row houses such as these in London

8. Industrialization Changes Life • Living Conditions • Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums • Life span in one large city is only 17 years • Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes • Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes and building codes • Cities also without adequate housing, education, and police protection

9. Living Conditions • No plans, sanitary codes, or building codes controlled the growth of English cities. • They lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection. • Unpaved streets had no drainage and collected heaps of garbage. • Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, whole families crowded into one bedroom.

10. Think about your family… • Could you all live in ONE BEDROOM?

11. Sickness widespread • Cholera epidemics regularly swept through the slums of Great Britain. • In 1842, British government study showed an average life span to be 17 years for working-class people in a large city, while it was 38 years for the countryside.

12. Cholera • Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount of watery diarrhea. • Symptoms: Abdominal cramps; Dry mucus membranes or mouth; Dry skin; Excessive thirst; Glassy or sunken eyes; Lack of tears; Lethargy

14. Industrialization Changes Life • Working Conditions • Average working day is 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round • Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers • Many coal miners killed by coal dust

15. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

16. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

17. Coal Mining in Britain:1800-1914

18. Young Coal Miners

19. Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

20. Class Tensions Grow • The Middle Class • Middle class—skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, professionals • Emerging middle class looked down on by landowners and aristocrats • Middle class has comfortable standard of living

21. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

22. Class Tensions Grow • The Working Class • Laborers’ lives not improved; some laborers replaced by machines • Luddites and other groups destroy machinery that puts them out of work • Unemployment is a serious problem; unemployed workers riot

25. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Immediate Benefits • Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress • Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve • Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and conditions • Long-Term Effects • Improved living and working conditions still evident today • Governments use increased tax revenues for urban developments

26. Case Study: Manchester • The Mills of Manchester • Manchester has labor, water, power, nearby port at Liverpool. • Poor live and work in unhealthy, even dangerous environment • Business owners make profits by risking their own money on factories • Eventually, working class sees its standard of living rise some

27. Worker Housing in Manchester

28. Factory Workers at Home

29. Case Study: Manchester • Children in Manchester Factories • Children as young as 6 work in factories; many are injured • 1819 Factory Act restricts working age, hours • Factory pollution fouls air, poisons river • Nonetheless, Manchester produces consumer goods and creates wealth

31. Cigar factory - 1908