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The H uman Genome

The H uman Genome. Humans have relatively few genes- about 25,000 Most human DNA codes for for nothing! All humans share 99.99% of the same DNA. The H uman Genome. Genome- all the DNA in an organism Genomics- Study of entire genomes

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The H uman Genome

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  1. The Human Genome Humans have relatively few genes- about 25,000 Most human DNA codes for for nothing! All humans share 99.99% of the same DNA

  2. The Human Genome Genome- all the DNA in an organism Genomics- Study of entire genomes Human Genome Project- International project that found all 3.2 Billion bases of the human genome (Completed in 2006)

  3. The Human Genome Human Genome Project- Important in determining genes that get turned on that lead to cancer, diabetes, and other diseases

  4. Other DNA Biotechnologies Microarray- Sample of DNA sequences are bonded to a slide and then transcribed to RNA (or sometimes cDNA) Importance-The activity (or inactivity) of genes can be compared between healthy and infected indivuduals Microarray

  5. DNA Fingerprinting DNA strand is cut into smaller pieces using “scissors” called restriction enzymes Often used to compare DNA at crime scenes with DNA of potential subjects DNA Fingerprinting Gel Electrophoresis

  6. Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering- Deliberate changing of DNA sequences in living things DNA that has been changed or altered is called recombinant DNA Often used to make insect resistant crops, faster growing livestock, and potentially cure genetic diseases like diabetes and hemophilia Genetic Engineering

  7. Stem Cell Research Some cells in the body can give rise to ANY tissue type (totipotent) Some cells can only give rise to a few tissue types (multipotent) Totipotent cells may be used to regrow lost limbs, regenerate nerve cells, or produce important chemicals for humans (such as insulin) Source of stem cells is often human embryos

  8. Cloning We all know that DNA is the molecule that tells our cells which proteins to make Our proteins determine our physical and chemical characteristics If 2 organisms had exactly the same DNA, many of their traits would be similar

  9. Cloning Dolly Somatic cells (body cells) are taken from a donor sheep These cells are then put into a nutrient bath that keeps them alive Donor cells are given chemicals that tell the cells to forget what they are These are the cells that will eventually give rise to a clone

  10. Cloning Continued An egg cell is taken from another female donor The chromosomes are removed from the egg cell. The egg cell now has no DNA The donor cell is then fused with the egg cell The egg cell is implanted into a female carrier The egg develops into an embryo that has the same exact DNA as the donor

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