Christian Europe Emerges, 600-1200

1. Christian Europe Emerges,600-1200 Chapter 9

2. The Byzantine Empire 600-1200

3. An Empire Beleaguered Christianity was adopted by Byzantine Emperors A single ruler had supreme power over religion and law Kept the eastern part of the old Roman Empire together

4. Byzantine�s Enemies Arab armies took Byzantine Egypt, Syria and Tunisia between 634 and 650 By 1100, 2/3 of the people in these formerly Christian lands were Muslim The empire fell to Muslim conquests by 1453 Germanic, Slavic and Turkic in the north Seljuk Turks in the south

5. Byzantine�s relationship with Europe The patriarchs of Constantinople questioned the Pope�s authority in their territory 1054 - There was a schism, or formal split between the Latin Church and Orthodox Church

6. Society and Urban Life The 500s � Bubonic plague swept the area It was referred to as the Plague of Justinian Justinian was the emperor who ruled from 527-565 Led to urban population decrease Barter replaced money transactions Urban wealth declined/the elite class shrank

7. The power of remaining aristocrats and landowners increased The Byzantine government controlled all aspects of the economy May have slowed technological developments and economic innovations

8. Constantinople seemed to thrive, while rural areas saw no improvement in technology Ex. Byzantine farmers were using old fashioned scratch plows while Western Europeans had begun using better technology Constantinople was seen by visitors to be a showcase of religion and prosperity on the surface, but was dark and lawless in reality.

9. Cultural Achievements Hagia Sophia Constantinople�s greatest architectural achievement

10. Also created lasting styles of painting and music Cyrillic writing Cyril and Methodius Orthodox missionaries that developed a writing system used by the Slavs that converted to Orthodox Christianity Still used by Russians and Slavs of the Orthodox faith

11. Early Medieval Europe 600-1000

12. A Time of Insecurity 711-Arabs and Berbers crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and took over the Visigoth kingdom in Spain They then moved into France. 732 � Charles Martel (Charlemagne�s Grandfather) stopped them

13. The Carolingian family (Charles Martel�s) comes to power Pepin (Martel�s son) ruled from 751-768 Under Pepin and Charlemagne, the Carolingian Empire contained Gaul (France), part of Germany and part of Italy The empire was split into three parts when Charlemagne�s son, Louis the Pious died French speaking in the west (France) and the Middle (Burgundy) and German speaking in the east (Germany).

14. 793 � a new threat Vikings, sea raiders from Scandinavia, began attacking the northern coasts of Europe and along the coasts of the North Sea. Pillaged monasteries, villages and towns Vikings had versatile ships Sails and oars Could sail in the stormy North Atlantic And could maneuver up rivers Between 800 and 1000 they settled Iceland, Greenland, and Vinland

15. A Self Sufficient Economy Germanic rule of the old Roman Empire Cities shrank Roads fell into disuse and disrepair Bartering rather than paying with coins Decline in literacy rates, allowed new Germanic customs to take over

16. Most of Western Europe began to rely on local resources Food shipments from territories like Egypt and Syria (that had been taken over by Muslims) were reduced. Manors became the primary centers of agricultural production A manor was self sufficient Had fields, gardens, grazing land, fish ponds, a mill, a church, workshops and a village

17. Manors formed when small landowners gave or sold their land to large landowners for political and physical protection Nobles (landowners) controlled the serfs. Serfs were agricultural workers who belonged to the manor They worked the land Could not leave the manor where they were born

18. Early Medieval Society in the West Carolingian army Mostly cavalry Soon, being a mounted soldier meant that one was also a land owner Feudalism A society in which kings and lords gave land to their �vassals� for sworn military support.

19. Mounted soldiers required strong grain fed horses. Horses larger than the horses of Central Asia The knight became the central figure in medieval warfare by the 1000s. Land granted for military service was called a fief.

20. Marriage alliances Men that married daughters or widows of Lords that did not have sons could inherit that Lord�s land. Noble children often had no say in their marriage Noblewomen could own land Non noble women often worked alongside their husbands in agriculture.

21. The Western Church

22. Politics and the Church Both the emperor and the church thought they were in charge. The Pope actually crowned the Holy Roman Emperors. The Holy Roman Empire = a loose group of German princes that named one of their own to rule.

23. Canon Law, or church law, allowed the Pope to control church land and the Bishops. Some of those Bishops were also vassals to other lords. There was also controversy over who has the right to confer authority on local abbots and bishops, the king or the Pope? Investiture Controversy

24. The Concordat of Worms (1122) Emperor Henry V agreed that the emperor should not choose bishops and abbots, and the Pope agreed that the Emperor could name bishops and abbots as vassals as long as they were named so before their religious consecration.

25. Monasticism Christian Monasticism Idea originated in the east, but the Christian form developed in Egypt. Celibacy Prayer Life apart from society

26. Benedict of Nursia (480-547) Organized several monasteries in Southern Europe Preserved literacy and learning Monasteries and Convents Became places of learning Refuges for widows orphanages

27. Kievan Russia 900-1200

28. The Rise of the Kievan State Region between the Black and Caspian Seas and the Baltic and White Seas Different civilizations inhabited this region throughout history Region of forest dwellers and nomads Traded forest goods and slaves for goods and coins

29. Rus-Slavic speaking people King Vladimir chose Orthodox Christianity in 988 After sending a group of men out to research other religions. The group was impressed with their visit to Constantinople.

30. Society and Culture Political power came from trade, not land ownership Weak soil did not support a large population The spread of Christianity was slow Many people continued to revert to polytheism in times of need

31. Western Europe Revives 1000-1200

32. The Role of Technology New plow and harness made agriculture more productive The horse collar , 800 Allowed for the use of horses to pull plows 1000-1200 the population doubled in Western Europe

33. Cities and the Rebirth of Trade Independent cities ruled by communes (groups of people) First appeared in Italy These cities turned to manufacturing and trade Some laws allowed serfs to be free after living in a city. This drew people to the cities. Spurs economic growth and increased trade

34. The Crusades 1095-1204

35. The Roots of the Crusades The �Truce of God� was promoted by the Latin Church. Christians could not fight each other during certain parts of the year. Powerful men in Europe were looking for more land to conquer Especially the younger sons of nobles Italian merchants wanted to increase trade in the Mediterranean

36. Why the Holy Land? Pilgrimages to the Holy Land were important to Christians. Some returned with word of the Ummayad Caliphate falling from power in a small territory. Former Muslim rulers had allowed Christians to have safe passage to the Holy Land, but the new Seljuk kingdom did not. The Byzantine Emperor asked the Pope for help.

37. First Crusade Pope Urban II asked Christian Europeans to help in 1095 Captured Jerusalem in 1099 1187 � Muslim forces retook Jerusalem Second and Third Crusades were unsuccessful Fourth Crusade - 1204 Sacked Constantinople!

38. The Impact of the Crusades Exposure to Muslim culture Pasta Paper Refined sugar Colored glass Muslim philosophy and books on math, medicine, and science Arabic translations of earlier Greek works