1 / 14

Islamic Conquests & Caliphates: 600-1200

Explore the rise of Islam from Arabia to global conquests, pivotal moments like the birth of Muhammad, emergence of caliphates, reasons for conquest, treatment of conquered peoples, and the flourishing of Islamic civilization during the Golden Age.

mariebrown
Download Presentation

Islamic Conquests & Caliphates: 600-1200

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Islamic Conquests & Caliphates: 600-1200 Unit 2 Chapter 8

  2. Ease of Accessibility • Arabia on periphery of 2 established & rival empires • Byzantium • Sassanid • Monotheism in existence • “children of Abraham” • Kaaba

  3. Key Moments • Birth of Muhammad 570 • Beginning of revelations 610 • Hijra 622 • Muhammad’s return to Mecca 630 • Death of Muhammad 632 • Rightly Guided Caliphs 632-661 • Arab victories (Byzantium & Persia) 636-637 • Conquest of Egypt 640 • Compilation of Quran 650s • Umayyad Caliphate 661-750 • Conquest of Spain 711-718 • Abbasid Caliphate 750-1258 • Battle of Talas River 750

  4. Muhammad Abdullah (570-632) • Mecca • Troubled by social inequalities; periods of withdrawal & meditation • Allah’s messenger to the Arabs (Quran) • “Seal of great prophets” (Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad) • monotheistic

  5. Hijra • Challenged Mecca’s growing commercialism & clan structure of Arab society • Fled to Medina • 622 – marks beginning of Islamic calendar • Umma – Islamic community; based on belief rather than kinship; political & religious authority

  6. Consolidation • Early military success • 630 Mecca surrenders • By his death, Arabia Islamic state • Motives for further Conquest???

  7. Motives for Conquest • Profitable trade routes • Agricultural regions • Religious conversion • Jihad – “struggle” – bringing righteous government to conquered peoples • HOWEVER – recognized Jews, Christians, & Zoroastrians as “people of the book” – dhimmis – protected subjects

  8. Conquered Peoples Through 9th Century • Dhimmas allowed to practice own religion by paying jizya – considered substitute for military service • Indiscriminate destruction & exploitation not allowed • Reasons for conversion???

  9. Conversion • Growing prestige • Appealing to slaves and POWs • Aided social mobility • Between 750-900, 80% of Persia converted • Also became dominant in Egypt, North Africa, Iraq, Pakistan, Iran, & Turkey

  10. Rightly Guided Caliphs 632-661 • First 4 • Companions to the Prophet • 3rd & 4th assassinated – schism • Sunni – caliphs selected by community • Shia (Shiites) – caliphs from line of Muhammad

  11. Umayyad Caliphate 661-750 • Capital moved to Damascus (Syria) • Great expansion – • Byzantine and Persian Empires • Weakened by decades of war • Internal revolts • Non-Arab Muslims had less rights

  12. Umayyad Caliphate Cont. • Introduced silver & gold coinage • Established trade network • Mediterranean • Silk Road • Sahara • Indian Ocean

  13. Abbasid Caliphate 750-1258 • Killed Umayyad royal family at dinner • Moved capital to Baghdad • Expansion – • North Africa • Spain Muslim Golden Age (Non-Arab Muslims Equal) • 1258 – invasion of Mongol forces; last Abbasid caliph killed

More Related