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Christian Societies Emerge in Europe 600-1200. Early Medieval Europe 600-1000. A time of insecurity Politically fragmented kingdoms (Excluding Charlemagne) Viking Invasions William the Conqueror (Battle of Hastings)1066 A Self Sufficient Economy No Rome = Regional Elites
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Early Medieval Europe 600-1000 • A time of insecurity • Politically fragmented kingdoms (Excluding Charlemagne) • Viking Invasions • William the Conqueror (Battle of Hastings)1066 • A Self Sufficient Economy • No Rome = Regional Elites • Medieval Diet = (North) Beer, lard, butter, bread (South) wheat, wine, olive oil • Manorialism = Small landowners (serfs) sell land to lords, provide services in exchange for protection • Early Medieval Society • Feudalism = Political, economic, social system where military service & land ownership ruled • Vassals = People who are given a fief (land) in exchange for military service • Knight= Honor code of chivalry (contract)
Politics and the Church • Holy Roman Empire = loose confederation of German princes • Struggle for Power • Investiture Controversy = Secular rulers vs. popes on who should choose bishops • Ex: Pope Gregory VII vs. Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV • Monasticism = Devotion to religious life • Celibacy, devotion to prayer, isolation from society • Centers of literacy, learning, refuge, inns, orphanages = all self-sufficient • Hard for Catholic Church & papacy to control
Western European Revival 1000-1200 • Population & Agricultural Production Increases • Resurgence of trade • Kings strengthen control • Technology = Heavy moldboard plow and the horse collar • Self-Governing Cities • Relied on manufacturing & trade for income (Ex: Venice = Maritime Power) • Use of Gold & Silver • Coins linked with increase of trade • Originally Viking, Muslim and Byzantine merchants
The Crusades 1095-1204 • Crusades = Series of Christian Military campaigns against Muslims • Causes = Religious zeal, vassal participation in church-sanctioned warfare, desire for land, trade • Four Total (Jerusalem captured in the first, lost in the third) • Holy Land = Focus of the Crusades • Tradition of Pilgrimages, Muslim control of Christian religious sites • Pope Urban II initiated 1st Crusade 1095 • Impact of the Crusades • Ended Europe’s intellectual isolation • Exposed to larger urban areas • Trade between the East & West Increased (East not as eager)