Chapter 1

1. PowerPoint to accompany New Foundations in Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork First Edition Jan L. Saeger • Donna Kyle-Brown Chapter 1

2. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE Learning Outcomes • Chapter Objectives • List the names and locations of early civilizations that used massage. • Describe some of the historical records and artifacts from around the world that tell us about massage in ancient times. • Identify “The Father of Western Medicine,” and explain why his approach to health care was so revolutionary for its time, as well as how his work contributed to the development of massage in later eras.

3. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Trace the development of “Swedish” massage, identifying who is most closely associated with it today, and when and where it likely originated. • Identify who is most closely associated with the Battle Creek Sanitarium, and explain how Battle Creek differed from many other institutions of the time, with respect to massage. • Explain how “bathhouses” and “massage parlors” become associated with the sex industry, and describe how that history gave rise to the early regulation of professional therapeutic massage. • Recognize the importance nurses and the nursing industry had in the development of massage as a profession. • List various elements of vitalistic philosophy.

4. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE Massage in the Ancient World Massage in the Ancient World • An International Phenomenon [5000 BCE – 500 AD] • Massage has been practiced by different groups of people around the world throughout human history. • There is evidence of practice on nearly every continent • Africa • Asia • Australia/Oceania • Europe • North, Central and South America

5. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • These cultures recognized the therapeutic benefits of massage and developed many unique massage traditions over the generations. • Prior to 3100 BCE written records of the history of massage did not exist. Massage practices were taught and preserved by “oral tradition”. It is unknown how many ancient cultures practiced some form of healing through “manual medicine”. Manual Medicineis the use of the hands to treat illness or physical damage. Oral Traditionthe practice of memorizing and passing down information by word of mouth from one person to the next in a generation, over many centuries.

6. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE The Earliest Civilizations • Mesopotamia • Sumerians • Developed the first known writing system as early as 3100 BCE. Clay tablets, called cuneiform, and cultural artifacts discovered tell us that the Mesopotamians, like the people before them, combined beliefs in the supernatural and religious ideology with medical know-how, developing complicated healing traditions and rituals.

7. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Early medicine men and women, known as “shamans” were believed to possess special healing abilities and the power to influence gods or evil spirits responsible for illness and disease. • Shamans used many techniques to attempt to rid the body of these spirits, including herbal remedies, plasters, charms, incantations, and touch or manipulation of the body. • Healers of the time used ointments and salves in conjunction with other medical treatments. The earliest medical records describe this practice as “to smear or rub on”, interpreted as either “anoint” or “massage”. Olive and other oils were combined with substances like cinnamon and myrrh and applied to the skin with a rubbing action. Shamans were religious leaders, mystics, and physicians, all in one.

8. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Babylonians • Inhabited Mesopotamia after the Sumerians and used much of their ideology as well as touch and manipulation of the body along with the use of herbal slaves and ointments to alleviate discomfort. • Assyrians • Another population in existence around the same time, are credited with the invention of “herbal massage”. Herbal Massagea unique practice of massage and anointing, and an ancestor of the contemporary custom.

9. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Ancient Egypt • Like the Mesopotamians, the Egyptians initially believed illness and disease was the result of evil spirits. As they learned more about the human body through scientific study, their medical ideology evolved and they began to use clinical methods. • They considered the heart the center of all bodily function and compared the cardiovascular system to channels of the Nile River, called “metu”. They believed good health depended on free flow through these channels in the body, and sickness was the result of blocked metu. Metuchannels believed by the Egyptians to link all parts of the body together.  These channels delivered not only blood, but also air, tears, saliva, mucus, sperm, nutriment and even bodily waste.

10. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Egyptian medicine was highly regarded and an influential practice in its time. Although there were questions of its curative value, visitors traveled great distances to be treated by Egyptian physicians, who were trained at exclusive medical schools. • Much of their medical tradition and ideology was written on papyrus. The largest of these documents was Ebers Papyri, a collection of different medical texts written from 3000 to 1534 BCE. This text was organized by medical ailment and included magic spells, diagnostic information and treatments. It also contained sections on anatomy and physiology.

11. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Although some evidence of massage in ancient Egypt exists, no artifacts or records found provide details regarding the theory or techniques used in Egyptian massage. • Evidence of Massage • A wall painting from the Tomb of the Physician (Ankhmahor, 2323-2291 BCE) is thought to depict the practice of reflexology. It illustrates how the thumb or finger can be used to exert pressure on specific points of the feet. • Pictographs from 1279 to 1213 BCE show images of Egyptians tending to the feet of soldiers on a long military march. • The Kahun Medical Papyrus – dated 1825 BCE, recommends a mud massage to treat a woman with aching legs and calves.

12. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Ancient Asia: China • A prescription found in “The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine”, called the Nei Jing, contains the first known mention of massage. • This work is attributed to Huang Di, known as the Yellow Emperor. It is believed that he lived as early as 2700 BCE. His information was passed down by oral tradition for thousands of years, and first put into writing around 200 BCE. Nei Jinga text that is the philosophical basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and forms the foundation for many schools of acupuncture and acupressure, as well as massage.

13. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Amma • Also known as Anmo or Anma • “Amma” is built on the knowledge of pressure points and organized around the concept of “Qi” or Chi. Practitioners release blocked Qi from energy centers (pressure points) along the meridians, allowing the Qi to flow uninterrupted throughout the body and restoring good health and peace of mind. Ammais anearly form of Chinese massage thought to have originated in the Chinese practice of rubbing and pressing cold hands and feet to warm them. Many believe it to be the precursor to all other forms of massage. Qi is an energy or life force traveling through pathways, or meridians, in the body.

14. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Ancient Asia: India • Ayurvedic Medicine • The “Ayur Veda (“Arts of Life”)” includes prescriptions for herbal treatments and massage techniques that may have originated in China, but is most associated with India today. Chinese techniques are thought to have been an influence in its development. • Written around 1850 BCE, the Ayur Veda is one of a set of sacred Sanskrit texts called the Vedas. The word massage is probably related to the Sanskrit term makeh, meaning, “to press softly”. Ayur Veda (“Arts of Life”) is a system based on the idea of chakras (energy centers in the body) and doshas (general tendencies). It is an ancient guide to healthy living.

15. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE Massage in Ancient Greece and Rome[700 BCE – 476 CE] • Greece • Greek medicine did not consider supernatural phenomena the source of illness and disease. The prevailing medical philosophy attributed sickness to imbalances in four essential properties of the human body, known as The Four Humours. • The Four Humours • Also known as essentialism. • Theorized that every living thing was composed of air, fire, water, and earth, which produced the humours (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) associated with specific physical, emotional, or intellectual characteristics in an individual.

16. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Hippocratic Tradition • Hippocrates of Cos [460 – 377 BCE] • “Hippocrates” was aGreek physician whose philosophy of medicine characterized the healthy human body as a natural system in perfect equilibrium. • He felt that effective medical treatment allowed the body’s natural restorative powers to work, encouraging the humours to return to balance, thus restoring the patient to good health. • Wrote a medical encyclopedia of his work entitled, “Hippocratic Corpus”. Hippocrates of CosA Greek physician, considered to be the first physician in the modern tradition. Known as the “Father of Western Medicine”. Hippocratic Corpus a vast medical encyclopedia of case histories, surgical practices, pharmacological treatments, anatomy and physiology.

17. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Hippocrates stressed the therapeutic benefits of the massages that were being performed in “gymnasiums” and “bathhouses” in Ancient Greece and encouraged its use for medicinal purposes as well as hygiene and pampering. • Public baths and gymnasiums were the employers of most massage therapists at that time. • Hydrotherapy treatments such as steam and hot baths in conjunction with exfoliation and oil massages were a common part of daily exercise and bathing routines. • He recognized that massage was a highly effective and underutilized medical tool and that it required a substantial degree of skill and knowledge. gymnasiumA Greek facility originally used for athletic and military training, but later grew to accommodate intellectual and artistic, as well as physical activities. Often located near water to provide a place to wash after competitions. Similar to parks today. bathhouse public baths where massage was provided to patrons before or after a bath. Similar to Spas today.

18. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Hippocrates directed massage therapists to rub in an upward motion (anatripsis), rather than the downward movement favored by most shamanic healing practices. His studies of the human anatomy and physiology brought him to the conclusion that upward motion from the limbs toward the core of the body would more effectively utilize the body’s natural system of waste disposal, encouraging the body to rid itself of toxins through the alimentary tract. • His innovative ideas would resurface, and the Hippocratic model of medicine, with its “modern” understanding of the human body would meet a receptive audience. Evidence of the “Hippocratic Tradition” is still prevalent in western medicine today in the “Hippocratic oath”, spoken by medical students. Hippocratic Traditionrefers to philosophical tenets and ideals originating with or popularized by Hippocrates and his followers. Hippocratic oath a pledge to follow a professional code of ethics, based on his doctrine, that medical students promise to uphold.

19. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Rome • In 146 BCE Rome conquered Greece and enslaved it’s citizens. Unlike Greece, Rome had no system of medical licensing and had little regard for the medical practitioners of Greece. • It soon became obvious to the Romans that the Greek slaves were far superior in providing basic medical care and tending to the ill.

20. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Julius Caesar [100-44 BCE] • Learned about the benefits of Greek massage in a letter sent to him that claimed “cured many…by the process of rubbing and anointing”. The letter’s author beseeched Caesar to grant all Greek slaves their freedom, reasoning they would work far more effectively for Roman health as free citizens. • Caesar granted this request in 46 BCE on the condition that they remain in Rome serving the needs of Roman patients. • Caesar himself is said to have received a daily massage for relief of neuralgia.

21. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • The Hippocratic Tradition in Rome • Two Roman physicians carried on the Hippocratic Tradition in their works. • Aulus Cornelius Celsus [25 BCE – 50 CE] wrote De Medicina in which he enlarged upon massage theory and practice, recommending effective techniques for relief of common ailments, such as headaches and upset stomachs. • Claudius Galenus [Galen, 129-199 CE] wrote De Sanitate Tuenda (Hygiene), which discussed the function and structure of ligaments, tendons, muscles, and bone. He also explained the anatomical basis of massage.

22. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Greek Influence on Rome • Gymnasiums became the center of Roman culture growing to house whole libraries, becoming the locations for civic functions, worship, public sacrifice, parties, and athletic events. • Public Baths were housed within the gymnasiums and became more ornate and magnificent than the Greek baths. Many contained multiple pools of varying temperatures and even had wet and dry steam rooms.

23. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • With the increase in gymnasiums, bathhouses and doctor’s offices, demand for massage grew enormously during this time, causing a shortage of skilled therapists. • Physicians were prescribing massage and therefore needed specially trained medical masseurs. • Professional athletes and gymnasiums needed masseurs with knowledge of sports massage. • Bathhouses employed therapists that were typically poorly trained, but could offer a variety of treatments. • Roman bathhouses became associated with debauchery, and massage practitioners with prostitution, as the culture became indulgent in the pursuit of sensual pleasures. • When Rome fell to the Germans [100 – 500 CE] the Greco-Roman medical tradition fell into disuse.

24. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE Middle Ages [500 – 1500 CE] • Overview • Massage fell out of favor during the medieval times. Christianity condemned exercise as glorification of the body and excessive attention to the physical self. • Roman Emperor Constantine declared the baths dens of indecency and decadence and abolished them after his conversion to Christianity. • The study of medicine became taboo, highly suspicious and sinful.

25. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Europe • Medical practice regressed during the middle ages. The crusades and Black Death decimated Europe, killing tens of thousands of people. • The Greco-Roman medical tradition eventually disappeared from Europe. • Disease was poorly understood and illness was thought to be the result of sinful thoughts and actions. Prayer, blood letting, laxatives, diuretics, and purgatives were the most common treatments. • Midwives had used massage for centuries to ease the pain and discomfort of pregnancy and childbirth, but the practice was now forbidden. If caught using massage, they were penalized and accused of being witches. It is estimated that close to 1500 midwives were executed during this period. • All across Europe the practice of massage was forcibly suppressed.

26. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • The Arabic Tradition • Avicenna [980 – 1037 CE] • The Arabic Tradition was the Greco-Roman medical tradition preserved in the writings of “Avicenna”. • His 16 volume medical encyclopedia was a synthesis of Hippocratic and Arabic medical traditions. • 500 years after he wrote it, the text was still in use, renewing interest in the Hippocratic Tradition of medicine known as “unami medicine”. Avicennaa a Persian physician largely responsible for popularizing modern pharmaceutical techniques like chemical preparations and distillation.

27. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Asia • Traditional Chinese Medicine was held in such high regard that Japanese medical students commonly traveled to China for lengthy periods of training. • “Shiatsu”, or acupressure, is a synthesis of Chinese and Japanese practice that evolved into its own independent discipline. Shiatsu stimulates the same pressure points (tsubos) used in acupuncture, but finger pressure is used in lieu of needles. Shiatsumeans finger pressure. From shi, meaning finger, and atsu, meaning pressure.

28. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE The Renaissance • Rebirth • Around the 1400’s a cultural transition began in Europe. Known as the Enlightenment, it was characterized by a revival in intellectual curiosity. • Greek and Roman traditions and medical literature were rediscovered. • Human anatomy, physiology, and pathology were again suitable subjects for scientific inquiry.

29. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Celsus’ De Medicina was rediscovered under Pope Nicolas V [1397 – 1455] and published in 1478. Making it one of the first medical textbooks ever published. • “Ambrose Pare” [1510 – 1590 CE] known as one of the founders of modern surgery, was a strong advocate for massage training in medical schools. • By the 1600’s medical schools were offering massage instruction. Ambrose Parea French physician, famous for his innovative surgical techniques.

30. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE The Nineteenth Century • Europe and the Swedish Movement Cure • “Per Henrik Ling” [1776 – 1837 CE] • Ling’s system consisted of three main parts: • The first part explained the underlying mechanics of physical movement in the body. • The second introduced specific actions for use in rehabilitation and treatment. • The third part evolved into what is now known as massage. . Per Henrik Lingintroduced a system of movement called medical gymnastics to Europe in the early 1800’s becoming the foundation for modern massage. He used this system to effectively treat his own symptoms of rheumatism.

31. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Further study and travel provided Ling the opportunity to observe and train in different types of massage. • Although Ling introduced Swedish massage as his own invention, much of it was existing tradition he repackaged. It is most likely the origin of Swedish massage is China and Ling may have learned the principles while in Asia. • Swedish massage became popular and was eventually taught in schools throughout Europe. • Lings ability to combine modern medical knowledge, anatomy and physiology, mechanics of movement, and massage techniques produced a modern discipline based on scientific principles.

32. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Early Regulations • In the late 1800’s crackdowns drove prostitution into massage parlors and bathhouses, which were not subject to strict law enforcement. • Prostitutes began calling themselves masseuses and their services massage to operate out of brothels advertised as massage parlors and bathhouses. • This practice created confusion about massage and tarnished the reputations of legitimate massage practitioners. • Health care professionals called for massage standards to ensure the safety of the public.

33. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Society of Trained Masseuses • Formed in England by four nurses. It was the first professional massage association. Later it was called the Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics, and then Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. • In an effort to clearly differentiate therapeutic massage from prostitution, the Society established these first rules to provide legitimacy to massage: • Professional Conduct • Guiding Doctrine • Prerequisites for Educational Training • Curriculum and Qualifying Criteria for Massage Education

34. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • The United States • “Douglas Graham” (early 1900’s) • Wrote articles discussing massage for academic audiences, peer-reviewed journals, as well as magazines for the general public. • His most comprehensive work titled “Manual Therapeutics, A Treatis on Massage: It’s History, Mode of Application, and Effects” (1901) discussed massage theory, practice and history. • Considered the study of anatomy and physiology an essential part of massage training. • Stressed the importance of skilled practitioners. Douglas Grahama physician and historian trained in massage. Played a key role in increasing public awareness and popularizing the term massage in the United States.

35. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • “John Harvey Kellogg” [1852 – 1943] • Traveled to Europe to observe and learn the massage techniques from the experts in Sweden, Germany and France. • Implemented changes at the “Battle Creek Sanitarium”, patterned after the European model by hiring experienced practitioners. sanitariuma third alternative in health care. Shared qualities of both health spas and hospitals. Used a wide philosophical approach to treatment, including diet, exercise and massage. Many used maids, cooks, or dishwashers for double duty as masseurs. Battle Creek Sanitarium established in 1866 in Battle Creek, MI. It was well known and respected and among the first to implement professional standards for massage. BCS developed a rigorous training program for practitioners at the facility. Stressed natural healing, encouraging the body’s self-restoring abilities by using fresh air, rest, relaxation, exercise and diet

36. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Determined that skilled practitioners in massage were poorly trained in massage and few textbooks or training manuals for massage existed. • Kellogg developed his own formal curriculum and text entitled “The Art of Massage” (1895) later subtitled “A Practical Manual for the Nurse, the Student, and the Practitioner”. • His work remained the standard for massage instruction for many years. • Kellogg established Ling’s reputation as an authority on massage in the US. John Harvey Kellogga physician at the Battle Creek Sanitarium and a pioneer in developing high standards for massage in the United States.

37. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE Twentieth Century • Early 1900’s • Japan, China, Germany and the Soviet Union continued using massage and integrating it into their medical systems throughout the 1900’s. • England and the United States saw a decline in massage use as the American Medical Association and the British Medical Association took a stand against massage claiming massage schools in the US and England were issuing phony credentials and businesses and individuals identifying themselves as massage practitioners were actually selling sexual services.

38. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • During WWI [1914 – 1918] and WWII [1939 – 1945] there was a modest rival of massage, due to the lack of treatment options available to medical personnel. • Nurses were trained in massage and played a critical role in the war efforts and in shaping the modern development of massage. • At the turn of the century, many nursing schools and hospitals recommended some knowledge of massage. • By the early 1930’s massage was more often a compulsory part of the nursing curriculum.

39. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Three nurses notably shaped the modern development of massage. • Mary McMillan – a nurse during WWI, wrote Massage and Therapeutic Exercise (1921), a primer in basic anatomical and physiological information. She later became the leading physiotherapist, establishing the American Physical Therapy Association in 1921. • Maude Rawlins – wrote A Textbook for Massage for Nurses and Beginners in the early 1930’s. The book was used in teaching the required 16 credit hours of practical massage needed for matriculation in New York. • Kathryn Jensen – a nurse educated in Europe, wrote Fundamentals in Massage for Students of Nursing, based on the European model of massage instruction.

40. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • American Massage Therapy Association (AMTA) • Was one of the earliest professional associations of massage practitioners in the United States. • Established in 1943 when graduates of the College of Swedish Massage in Chicago founded the American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses, the forerunner of the AMTA. • The creation of the AMTA and National Certification Board, solidified professional ethics and standards. American Massage Therapy Association (AMTA)an association that works to establish massage therapy as integral to the maintenance of good health and complementary to other therapeutic processes; to advance the profession through ethics and standards, certification, school accreditation, continuing education, professional publications, legislative efforts, public education, and fostering the development of members.

41. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Massage became closely associated with sports and exercise in the 1940’s and 1950’s, commonly available at YMCA’s as mainstream medicine emphasized surgery and drugs over massage. • In 1958, “Dr. Charles Fayette Taylor” and his brother George, were among the first to introduce modern massage techniques to the United States. He was taught the Swedish Movement Cure based on the teachings of “Mathias Roth”. • 1960’s and 1970’s saw a renewed interest in alternative and holistic approaches to health. Dr. Charles Fayette Taylor an orthopedic physician who studied the Swedish Movement Cure in Britain. He opened an orthopedic practice in New York with his brother George, specializing in Swedish massage. Mathias Roth an English physician, who was a student of Per Henrik Ling’s. Introduced the Swedish Movement Cure to Britain, and wrote the first book in English on Swedish Movements and Massage in 1850.

42. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Today other organizations exist to meet the needs of an ever-changing profession. • International Massage Association (IMA) • Associated Bodyworkers and Massage Professionals (ABMP) • International Spa Association (ISA) • “Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards” Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards (FSMTB) established in late 2005 as an organization through which various massage therapy state boards could communicate with one another. Their focus is to give state boards input into the makeup of National exams, create standardized curriculum, and ensure portability of licenses from state to state.

43. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Massage Tools and Equipment • Massage implements of many kinds have been used throughout history. • The Longsham culture of ancient China placed heated and cooled stones on aching muscles. • Asian cultures carved jade, marble, wood and bone into pointed tips that could be worked into specific areas or pressure points. • Mesopotamians and Egyptians used sticklike staves • Greeks and Romans used a strigil with a piece of cloth to scrape sweat, dirt and oils off the body after exercising, as well as to apply pressure, similar to today’s tapotement. • Hawaiians still carve lomi-lomi sticks from guava tree wood and uses lava rocks, called lomi-balls.

44. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Massage Tables • Massage tables referred to as “couches” were made of marble and wood in the lavish gymnasiums of Greece and Rome, as early as 800 BCE. • Tables in Victorian times were typically upholstered with velvet and stuffed with horsehair. • The Battle Creek Company manufactured the first folding portable table in the 1940’s. • The face cradle was also developed around this time.

45. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE The Philosophical Foundation of Massage • Historical Philosophy • The profession of massage is a healing art based on it historical philosophical foundation. The person, persons, or cultures who are the founders of a healing art establish its central area of interest and mission, and thereby define its philosophy. • The metaphysical philosophy, separate from the materialistic philosophy, reflects the ancient roots of healing practices like shamanism or pries-physician healers who used “laying on of hands” as part of their rituals to cleanse the body of demons.

46. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • The cosmological philosophy view of the spirit world brought forth the concept of the Tao composed of two souls, Yin and Yang, in ancient China. The book “The Cong-Fou of the Tao-Tse” written around 5000 BCE is believed to be the historical starting point of modern Swedish Massage. • Natural philosophy of healing, was first applied by Galen, using the principle of “vitalism”. • Today, the principle of vitalism is grounded in the holistic concept that the human body is greater than the sum of its parts. vitalism maintains that the body is imbued with “vital spirits”. Modern vitalistic principles introduced in the 18th century by Johann Fredrich Blumenbach [1752 - 1840] maintained there is an “innate” impulse in living creatures toward self-development. This principle of vitalism holds that life cannot be explained fully in terms of chemical and physical forces alone. There is a third separate and distinct “vital force” necessary to explain life.

47. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE • Chapter Summary • This chapter shows how throughout history, various massage precepts have had an impact on health and wellness. • Massage has come full circle, reclaiming its rightful place within the health care continuum.