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The Integumentary System

Anatomy and Physiology. The Integumentary System. Components. Skin Hair Nails Glands. General Functions . Regulation of body temperature Protection as physical barrier Sensory receptors Excretion and absorption Synthesis of vitamins. Skin. 3 Layers – Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

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The Integumentary System

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  1. Anatomy and Physiology The Integumentary System

  2. Components • Skin • Hair • Nails • Glands

  3. General Functions • Regulation of body temperature • Protection as physical barrier • Sensory receptors • Excretion and absorption • Synthesis of vitamins

  4. Skin • 3 Layers – Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis • Largest organ in the body • ~20 square feet • ~10 lbs in weight

  5. Epidermis • Outermost layer • Avascular • Cell division occurs more often in places where skin is rubbed or pressed regularly • Five layers…what are they?

  6. Layers of the Epidermis • Stratum Corneum • Stratum Lucidum • Stratum Granulosum • Stratum Spinosum • Stratum Basale

  7. Cells in the Epidermis • Keratinocytes • Undergo keratinization – secrete keratin into the cytoplasm – outer skin cells harden • Melanocytes • Produce melanin – color pigment in skin • Langerhans • Help in defense against foreign substances • Merkel Cells • Attached to ends of neurons and serve as touch receptors

  8. Cell types of the Epidermis

  9. Skin Color • Melanocytes make melanin • Triggered by UV Rays • Same # melanocytes in each person • Color shade is determined by the amount of melanin produced • Color ranges from pale yellow to dark brown/black

  10. Clinical Observations • Freckles or liver spots = melanocytes in a patch • Albinism = inherited lack of tyrosinase; no pigment • Vitiligo = autoimmune loss of melanocytes in areas of the skin produces white patches

  11. Other contributors of skin colorings • Carotene • Yellowish-orange pigment • Hemoglobin • Red – pigment on red blood cells – turns red in the presence of oxygen

  12. Color Indicators • Jaundice • Yellowish look to skin and whites of eyes • Buildup of bilirubin in the blood stream from liver disease • Cyanosis • Bluish appearance to skin – fingertips and underneath fingernails • Lack of oxygen, poor blood circulation • Erythema • Reddish appearance due to inflammation, allergic reaction – blood capillaries close to the surface of skin

  13. Dermis • Inner layer of skin • Thicker than the Epidermis • Made up of all four types of tissue…what are they???

  14. Hypodermis • Mass of loose connective and adipose tissue • Binds skin to underlying organs

  15. Hair, Nails, and Glands Accessory Structures of Skin

  16. Hair • 3 Parts – shaft, root and follicle • Muscles • Arrector Pili – contracts in cold temperatures or times of fear • Hair Root Plexus – detects hair movement • Hair Growth • Resting and Growth Stages • Lose 70 - 100 hairs/ day

  17. Hairy Facts • Dark Hair – true melanin • Red Hair – increased levels of iron • Blonde Hair – increased levels of sulfur • Grey Hair – breakdown/ decrease in the production of melanin • White Hair – air bubbles in the hair shaft

  18. Nails • 3 parts – Lanula, Nail Bed, Nail Plate • Nail Plate – hard part of nails, on top of nail bed • Nail Bed – part of skin that touches the Nail Plate • Lanula – most active growing region of the nail – white half moon part of the nail

  19. Glands • Sebaceous • Oil glands • Secrete sebum • Sudoriferous • Sweat Glands • Ceruminous • Found in the ear canals • Cerumin – mixture of sebum and secretions from the ceruminous glands – also known as EARWAX

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