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Exploring the Anatomy and Physiology of the Integumentary System

Dive into the intricacies of the integumentary system, encompassing the skin, hair, nails, and glands. Learn about its components, functions like regulating body temperature and protection, cell types, skin color, clinical observations, dermis, hypodermis, hair growth, nail structure, and gland types.

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Exploring the Anatomy and Physiology of the Integumentary System

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  1. Anatomy and Physiology The Integumentary System

  2. Components • Skin • Hair • Nails • Glands

  3. General Functions • Regulation of body temperature • Protection as physical barrier • Sensory receptors • Excretion and absorption • Synthesis of vitamins

  4. Skin • 3 Layers – Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis • Largest organ in the body • ~20 square feet • ~10 lbs in weight

  5. Epidermis • Outermost layer • Avascular • Cell division occurs more often in places where skin is rubbed or pressed regularly • Five layers…what are they?

  6. Layers of the Epidermis • Stratum Corneum • Stratum Lucidum • Stratum Granulosum • Stratum Spinosum • Stratum Basale

  7. Cells in the Epidermis • Keratinocytes • Undergo keratinization – secrete keratin into the cytoplasm – outer skin cells harden • Melanocytes • Produce melanin – color pigment in skin • Langerhans • Help in defense against foreign substances • Merkel Cells • Attached to ends of neurons and serve as touch receptors

  8. Cell types of the Epidermis

  9. Skin Color • Melanocytes make melanin • Triggered by UV Rays • Same # melanocytes in each person • Color shade is determined by the amount of melanin produced • Color ranges from pale yellow to dark brown/black

  10. Clinical Observations • Freckles or liver spots = melanocytes in a patch • Albinism = inherited lack of tyrosinase; no pigment • Vitiligo = autoimmune loss of melanocytes in areas of the skin produces white patches

  11. Other contributors of skin colorings • Carotene • Yellowish-orange pigment • Hemoglobin • Red – pigment on red blood cells – turns red in the presence of oxygen

  12. Color Indicators • Jaundice • Yellowish look to skin and whites of eyes • Buildup of bilirubin in the blood stream from liver disease • Cyanosis • Bluish appearance to skin – fingertips and underneath fingernails • Lack of oxygen, poor blood circulation • Erythema • Reddish appearance due to inflammation, allergic reaction – blood capillaries close to the surface of skin

  13. Dermis • Inner layer of skin • Thicker than the Epidermis • Made up of all four types of tissue…what are they???

  14. Hypodermis • Mass of loose connective and adipose tissue • Binds skin to underlying organs

  15. Hair, Nails, and Glands Accessory Structures of Skin

  16. Hair • 3 Parts – shaft, root and follicle • Muscles • Arrector Pili – contracts in cold temperatures or times of fear • Hair Root Plexus – detects hair movement • Hair Growth • Resting and Growth Stages • Lose 70 - 100 hairs/ day

  17. Hairy Facts • Dark Hair – true melanin • Red Hair – increased levels of iron • Blonde Hair – increased levels of sulfur • Grey Hair – breakdown/ decrease in the production of melanin • White Hair – air bubbles in the hair shaft

  18. Nails • 3 parts – Lanula, Nail Bed, Nail Plate • Nail Plate – hard part of nails, on top of nail bed • Nail Bed – part of skin that touches the Nail Plate • Lanula – most active growing region of the nail – white half moon part of the nail

  19. Glands • Sebaceous • Oil glands • Secrete sebum • Sudoriferous • Sweat Glands • Ceruminous • Found in the ear canals • Cerumin – mixture of sebum and secretions from the ceruminous glands – also known as EARWAX

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