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Topic 5: sense

Topic 5: sense . Introduction to Semantics. Definition . The sense of an expression is its indispensable hard core of meaning. The sum of sense properties and sense relations with other expressions. Sense properties. Analyticity Syntheticity Contradiction. Sense property 1: analyticity.

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Topic 5: sense

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  1. Topic 5: sense Introduction to Semantics

  2. Definition • The sense of an expression is its indispensable hard core of meaning. • The sum of sense properties and sense relations with other expressions.

  3. Sense properties • Analyticity • Syntheticity • Contradiction

  4. Sense property 1: analyticity • The sense of an analytic sentence is necessarily true. • Example • Bachelors are unmarried.

  5. Sense property 2: syntheticity • The sense of an synthetic sentence is either true or false. • Example • Bachelors don’t know how to form a long-term relationship.

  6. Sense property 3: contradiction • The sense of a contradictory sentence is necessarily false. • Example • Bachelors are married.

  7. Sense properties: note • Imperative and interrogative sentences cannot be analytic or synthetic. • They cannot be true or false. • Example: • Are you a student? • Halt!

  8. Sense relations: similarities • Synonymy • Paraphrase • Hoponymy

  9. Synonymy and paraphrase • Synonymy/synonym • The relationship between two predicates with the same sense • Paraphrase • Two sentences share the same proposition.

  10. Hyponymy/hyponym • The meaning of one predicate is included in the meaning of the other predicate. • Red, crimson, scarlet

  11. Sense relations: dissimilarity • Antonymy/antonym • Contradictory propositions

  12. Antonymy: binary antonyms • Binary/complementary antonyms • Two predicates with two totally incompatible truth values. • If A is true, it cannot be false. • Alive-dead

  13. Antonymy: Converses • The opposite relationship of the two predicates is not semantically absolute (i.e., not binary/ complimentary). • The oppositeness is based on the relationship of the two predicates • Buy-sell

  14. Antonymy: gradable antonyms • There are semantic values on the continuous semantic scale. • Hot-cold • Always-(often)–(sometimes)-(seldom)-never

  15. Sense relations (3): ambiguity • Lexical ambiguity • When a word has more than one sense • Structural ambiguity • When a sentence has two or more paraphrases.

  16. A word/phrase is ambiguous • If it has two or more synonyms that are not themselves synonyms of each other. • Plane • Airplane • Flat surface

  17. Types of word ambiguity • Homonym • Polysemy

  18. Homonym • The senses of a predicate are remotely or unlikely related to each other. • Bank • Financial institution • The side of a river

  19. Polysemy • The senses of a predicate are closely related conceptually. • The extension of semantic concepts. • Fork

  20. Structural ambiguity • Multiple paraphrases of a sentence • The chicken is ready to eat • The chicken wants to eat something. • We eat the chicken.

  21. Example • The boy left Mary with a broken heart.

  22. S NP VP Det N NP V N PP P NP The boy left Mary with a broken heart

  23. S NP VP Det N V NP PP P NP N The boy left Mary with a broken heart

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