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The Principle of TCP/IP Part 1

The Principle of TCP/IP Part 1. 1. History of TCP/IP. 1969: ARPANET went into operation four packet-switched nodes at three different sites connected together via 56 kbit/s circuits using the Network Control Protocol (NCP) funded by the U.S. Department of Defence

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The Principle of TCP/IP Part 1

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  1. The Principle of TCP/IP Part 1 SCUT DT&P Labs

  2. 1. History of TCP/IP • 1969: ARPANET went into operation • four packet-switched nodes at three different sites • connected together via 56 kbit/s circuits • using the Network Control Protocol (NCP) • funded by the U.S. Department of Defence • 1974: TCP/IP designed by Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E. Kahn • 1979: IP version 4 documented SCUT DT&P Labs

  3. 1. Historyof TCP/IP (Contd) • 1979: the Internet Control and Configuration Board (ICCB) formed • 1979: BSD Unix with TCP/IP supplied to Universities • 1980: ARPA started converting machines to TCP/IP • 1983: mandate that all computers connected to ARPANET use TCP/IP • 1983 ARPANET split into two separate networks, • ARPANET for further research • MILNET for the military SCUT DT&P Labs

  4. 1. Historyof TCP/IP (Contd) • 1985: the ARPANET was heavily used and congested • 1986: NSFNET developed to replace ARPANET • universities and research organisations connected to regional networks • regional networks connected to a main backbone • six nationally funded super-computer centres connected to backbone • The original links were 56 kbit/s. • 1988: Links upgraded to T1 (1.544 Mbit/s) • The NSFNET T1 backbone connected a total of 13 sites • 1991: NSF decided to move the backbone to a private company • 1993: New Internet backbone, ANSNET, with T3 (45 Mbit/s) links SCUT DT&P Labs

  5. 1. Historyof TCP/IP (Contd) • 1993 NSF Solicitations four separate projects for which proposals were invited: • Create a set of Network Access Points (NAPs) • Implementa Route Arbiter • Provide a very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) • Transition existing “regional” networks SCUT DT&P Labs

  6. 2. Today'sInternet • Distributed architecture operated by commercial Network Service Providers (NSPs) • Connected together at Network Access Points (NAPs) • high-speed switch to which a number of routers can be connected for the purpose of traffic exchange • allows Internet traffic from the customers of one provider to reach the customers of another provider. • ISPs provide Internet services to end customers • Connection point between a customer and an ISP is called a point of presence (POP) • ISP networks exchange information with each other by connecting to NSPs that are connected to NAPs, or by connecting directly to NAPs SCUT DT&P Labs

  7. 3. Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Organisation The IAB organisation The IAB Board IESG IRTF IETF Research groups Working groups SCUT DT&P Labs

  8. 4. Active IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Working Groups • Applications • Internet • Operations and Management • Routing • Security • Transport • User services • General SCUT DT&P Labs

  9. 5. Active IRTF (Internet Research Task Force) Research Groups • End-to-End • Information Infrastructure Architecture • Internet Resource Discovery • Network Management • Reliable Multicast • Routing • Secure Multicast • Services Management SCUT DT&P Labs

  10. 6. Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) IANA ARIN American Registry for Internet Numbers RIPE Reseaux IP Europeen APNIC Asia Pacific Network Information Centre SCUT DT&P Labs

  11. 7. RFC Standards Track Process Draft Paper IESG recommends promotion to proposed standard. RFC publishes as RFC. Otherwise it is sent back to the IETF work group. RFC Spec Proposed Standard Review by IETF and IESG not to exceed two years Implementation and test for a minimum of 6 months Draft Standard Evaluation of implementation for a minimum of 4 months Standard SCUT DT&P Labs

  12. IESG - Internet Engineering Steering Group The Internet Engineering Steering Groupforms part of the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) and is comprised of theIETF Chairman and the Area Managers of each of the associated working groups. SCUT DT&P Labs

  13. 8. Internet Protocol Suite and OSI Reference Model APPLICATION APPLICATION (FTP, TELNET, SNMP, DNS) PRESENTATION SESSION TRANSPORT TRANSPORT (TCP or UDP) NETWORK INTERNET (IP, ARP, RARP) ICMP, IGMP DATA LINK NETWORK INTERFACE (LAN - ETH, TR, FDDI) (WAN - Serial lines, FR, ATM) PHYSICAL SCUT DT&P Labs

  14. 9. TCP/IP Protocol Stack Based on Data Flow Application Layer Telnet, FTP, TFTP,HTTP,SNMP,SMTP, and so on Port Number BGP RIP Transport Layer OSPF EGP TCP UDP ICMP IGMP Protocol Number Internet Layer ARP IP RARP Type code Data Link Layer Ethernet, Token Ring, PPP, and so on SCUT DT&P Labs

  15. Internet Protocol (IP) SCUT DT&P Labs

  16. 1. Internet Protocol (IP) • Provides logical 32-bit network addresses • Routes data packets • Connectionless protocol • No session is established • “Best effort” delivery • Reliability is responsibility of higher-layer protocols and applications • Fragments and reassembles packets SCUT DT&P Labs

  17. 2. IP Packet Structure 32bits (4 Bytes) Version IHL Type of Service Total Length Identification Flags Fragment Offset Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum IP header is normally 20 bytes long Source Address Destination address Options (variable) Padding DATA (variable) SCUT DT&P Labs

  18. 2. IP Packet Structure 2.1 Type of Service (TOS) 3 1 1 1 2 PRECEDENCE D T R UNUSED D = Delay T = Throughput R = Reliability SCUT DT&P Labs

  19. 2. IP Packet Structure Version: the field keeps track of which version of the protocol the datagram belong to. IHL: it is provided to tell how long the header is, in 32-bit words. Type of service: the field allows the host to tell the subnet what kinds of service it wants. Identification: it is needed to allow the destination host to determine which datagram a newly arrived fragment belong to. DF: it stands for Don’t Fragment. MF: it stands for More Fragment. Fragment offset: the field tells where in the current datagram the fragment belongs. SCUT DT&P Labs

  20. 1. Internet Protocol (IP) Host A Host B Reliability & Sequencing Reliability & Sequencing Router IP Fires & Forgets IP Routes If Possible IP Delivers as Received Network Interface Network Interface PACKET Fragmented Packet SCUT DT&P Labs

  21. 2. IP Packet Structure Time to live: the field is a counter used to limit packet lifetimes. Protocol: the field tells which transport process to give it to. TCP is one possibility, but so are UDP and some others. Header checksum: it verifies the header only. Source address & Destination address: they indicate the network number and host number (IP addresses). Options: they may include Security, Strict source routing, Loose source routing, Record route, Timestamp and so on. SCUT DT&P Labs

  22. 2. IP Packet Structure IP Header Original IP Packet data area MTU =1500 2.2 Fragmentation IP Hdr 1 IP Hdr 2 IP Hdr 3 Data 2 Data 1 Data 3 FDDI FDDI ETHERNET Router 1 Router 2 bytes MTU = 4500 bytes MTU = 4500 bytes SCUT DT&P Labs

  23. 3. Traditional IP Address Classes NET ID HOST ID CLASS A 0 NET ID HOST ID CLASS B 1 0 NET ID HOST ID CLASS C 1 1 0 SCUT DT&P Labs

  24. 3. Traditional IP Address Classes Class D • Used for multicast group usage - first 4 high-order bits are 1110 • 1st Octet between 224 and 239 Class E • Reserved for future use - first 5 high-order bits are 11110 1 1 10 Group Identification SCUT DT&P Labs

  25. 4. Addressing Guidelines • Network ID cannot be 127 • 127 is reserved for loop-back function • Network ID and host ID cannot be 255 (all bits set to 1) • 255 is a broadcast address • Network ID and host ID cannot be 0 (all bits set to 0) • O means “this network only” • Host ID must be unique to the network SCUT DT&P Labs

  26. 5. Private IP Address Space 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 1 “Class A” network 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 16 “Class B” networks 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 256 “Class C” networks SCUT DT&P Labs

  27. 6. Subnet A network (class A, B or C) is allowed to be split into several parts for internal use but still act like a single network to the outside world. These parts are called subnet. Subnet mask is employed to distinguish different subnet. Example: one of the ways to subnet a class B network 1 0 Network Subnet Host IP address 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subnet mask SCUT DT&P Labs

  28. 6. Subnet 6.1 Subnet Mask • Blocks out a portion of the IP address to distinguish the Network ID from the host ID • Specifies whether the destination’s host IP address is located on a local network or on a remote network. The source’s IP address is ANDed with its subnet mask. The destination’s IP address is ANDed with the same subnet mask. If the result of both ANDing operations match, the destination is local to the source, that is, it is on the same subnet. SCUT DT&P Labs

  29. IP Address 160.30.20.10 10100000 00011110 00010100 00001010 Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 Result 160.30.20.0 10100000 00011110 00010100 00000000 6. Subnet 6.2 Subnet Mask Example • For example 160.30.20.10 is on the same subnet as 160.30.20.100 if the mask is 255.255.255.0 • Note: 1 AND 1 = 1. Other combinations = 0. IP Address 160.30.20.100 10100000 00011110 11001000 01100100 Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 Result 160.30.20.0 10100000 00011110 00010100 00000000 SCUT DT&P Labs

  30. 6. Subnet 6.3 Subnetting Routing Advertisement 160.30.0.0/16 INTERNET PRIVATE NETWORK 160.30.0.0/24 160.30.1.0/24 160.30.2.0/24 ……………. ……………. 160.30.254.0/24 160.30.255.0/24 • Before subnetting: 1 network with approx.. 65 thousand hosts • After subnetting: 256 networks with 254 hosts per subnet SCUT DT&P Labs

  31. Allocated IP address space 160.30.0.0/16 3 octet mask 255.255.255.0 8 bits available for subnets and 8 bits available for host 255 255 255 0 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 Network Host No. of Subnets 160.30.0.x 0000 0000 1010 0000 0001 1110 xxxx xxxx 160.30.255.x 1111 1111 1010 0000 0001 1110 xxxx xxxx Maximum of 256 subnets (28) 6. Subnet Example 1: network with customized mask SCUT DT&P Labs

  32. 6. Subnet Allocated IP address space 160.30.0.0/16 3 octet mask 255.255.255.0 8 bits available for subnets and 8 bits available for host 255 255 255 0 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 Network Host No. of hosts 160.30.x.1 0000 0001 1010 0000 0001 1110 xxxx xxxx 160.30.x.254 1111 1110 1010 0000 0001 1110 xxxx xxxx Maximum of 254 hosts (28 - 2) Example 1: network with customised mask (continued) SCUT DT&P Labs

  33. 6. Subnet Subnetting Example 2 Subnet Mask Network Address Allocated IP address space 200.200.200.0/24 200.200.200.0 255.255.255.0 200.200.200.64 62 hosts per network 200.200.200.0 200.200.200.128 200.200.200.192 Note: Subnet mask for each subnet = 255.255.255.192 SCUT DT&P Labs

  34. 6. Subnet Example 3: Network with Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM) Allocated IP address space 200.200.200.0/24 want 2 subnets with 50 hosts and 8 subnets with 10 hosts? Note: Subnet masks /26 = 255.255.255.192 /28 = 255.255.255.240 200.200.200.0 /26 (max of 62 hosts) 200.200.200.64 /26 (max of 62 hosts) 200.200.200.128 /28 (max. of 14 hosts) 200.200.200.144 /28 200.200.200.160 /28 200.200.200.176 /28 200.200.200.0 200.200.200.192 /28 (max. of 14 hosts) 200.200.200.208 /28 200.200.200.224 /28 200.200.200.240 /28 SCUT DT&P Labs

  35. 6. Subnet Example 4: Network with VLSM Site C Site B 160.40.140.0 255.255.252.0 LAN 1 160.40.148.1 160.40.157.14 160.40.157.12 255.255.255.252 160.40.140.1 160.40.148.0 255.255.252.0 160.40.156.0 255.255.255.0 160.40.157.13 160.40.156.1 160.40.157.5 160.40.157.4 255.255.255.252 Site A LAN 3 160.40.152.1 LAN 2 160.40.152.0 255.255.252.0 160.40.144.1 160.40.157.6 160.40.144.0 255.255.252.0 SCUT DT&P Labs

  36. 7. Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR) Route Aggregation SCUT DT&P Labs

  37. 7. Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR) Route Aggregation Variable Length Subnets from 1 to 16 CIDR prefix-length Subnet Mask # Individual Addresses # Classful Networks /1 128.0.0.0 2048 M 128 A /2 192.0.0.0 1024 M 64 A /3 224.0.0.0 512 M 32 A /4 240.0.0.0 256 M 16 A /5 248.0.0.0 128 M 8 A /6 252.0.0.0 64 M 4 A /7 254.0.0.0 32 M 2 A /8 255.0.0.0 16 M 1 A or 256 Bs /9 255.128.0.0 8 M 128 B /10 255.192.0.0 4 M 64 B /11 255.224.0.0 2 M 32 B /12 255.240.0.0 1 M 16 B /13 255.248.0.0 524,286 8 B /14 255.252.0.0 262,142 4 B /15 255.254.0.0 131,070 2 B /16 255.255.0.0 65,534 1 B or 256 Cs SCUT DT&P Labs

  38. 7. Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR) Route Aggregation Variable Length Subnets from 17 to 32 CIDR prefix-length Subnet Mask # Individual Addresses # Classful Networks /17 255.255.128.0 32,766 128 Cs /18 255.255.192.0 16,382 64 Cs /19 255.255.224.0 8,190 32 Cs /20 255.255.240.0 4,094 16 Cs /21 255.255.248.0 2,046 8 Cs /22 255.255.252.0 1,022 4 Cs /23 255.255.254.0 510 2 Cs /24 255.255.255.0 254 1 C /25 255.255.255.128 126 1/2 C /26 255.255.255.192 62 1/4 C /27 255.255.255.224 30 1/8 C /28 255.255.255.240 14 1/16 C /29 255.255.255.248 6 1/32 C /30 255.255.255.252 2 1/64 C SCUT DT&P Labs

  39. 7. Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR) Route Aggregation ISP The INTERNET 200.25.16.0/20 200.25.0.0/16 200.25.16.0/24 200.25.17.0/24 200.25.18.0/24 200.25.19.0/24 200.25.20.0/24 200.25.21.0/24 200.25.22.0/24 200.25.23.0/24 200.25.16.0/21 200.25.28.0/23 200.25.24.0/22 200.25.30.0/23 200.25.24.0/24 200.25.25.0/24 200.25.26.0/24 200.25.27.0/24 200.25.30.0/24 200.25.31.0/24 200.25.28.0/24 200.25.29.0/24 Company A Company C Company D Company B SCUT DT&P Labs

  40. 7. Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR) Route Aggregation Subnet ID Tables No. of bits in mask Subnet Mask Subnet IDs 16 255.255.0.0 0 17 255.255.128.0 0, 128 18 255.255.192.0 0, 64, 128, 192 3rd Octet 19 255.255.224.0 0,32,64,96,128,160,192,224 20 255.255.240.0 0,16,32,48,64,80,96,112,128,144,160,176,192,208,224,240 21 255.255.248.0 0,8,16,24,32,40,48,56,64…………….,216,224,232,240,248 22 255.255.252.0 0,4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,…………….236,240,244,248,252 23 255.255.254.0 0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,…………….246,248,250,252,254 24 255.255.255.0 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,…………….251,252,253,254,255 25 255.255.255.128 0, 128 4th Octet 26 255.255.255.192 0, 64, 128, 192 27 255.255.255.224 0,32,64,96,128,160,192,224 28 255.255.255.240 0,16,32,48,64,80,96,112,128,144,160,176,192,208,224,240 29 255.255.255.248 0,8,16,24,32,40,48,56,64…………….,216,224,232,240,248 30 255.255.255.252 0,4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,…………….236,240,244,248,252 SCUT DT&P Labs

  41. The end of part 1 SCUT DT&P Labs

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