Technology and Economic Assessment Panel Progress Report 2012

1. Technology and Economic Assessment Panel Progress Report 2012

2. TEAP Medical Technical Options Committee Essential Use Nominations

3. Essential Uses:Summary for Metered Dose Inhalers (MDIs) For Parties nominating CFCs for MDIs: Authorized for 2012; Nominated(Recommended) for2013 in metric tonnes. Party 2012 Authorized 2013 Nominated(Recommended) Bangladesh 40.35 - China 532.04 446.52(386.82) Pakistan 24.1 - Russian Fed. 212.0 250(212.0) M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 3

4. Essential Uses MDIs: China overview MTOC recommends 386.82 of 446.52 tonnes nominated by China MTOC unable to recommend: 50 tonnes for salbutamol 9 tonnes for Traditional Chinese Medicines 0.7 tonnes for a company not undertaking active R&D for a clenbuterol/beclomethasone/ipratropium combination 21% reduction in 2013 nomination cf. 2012; MTOC recommends 13% less than nominated Only for domestic use; states no export in 2013 (despite export 2012) ODS propellants for 4 active ingredients not nominated (procaterol hydrochloride, isoprenaline hydrochloride+guaifenesin, ipratropium, salmeterol xinafoate) More than 70% CFCs nominated for salbutamol M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 4

5. Essential Uses MDIs: China active R&D 23 companies produce MDIs: 5 companies, nominating ~75-80% of total, investing in manufacturing equipment and/or already made progress in CFC-free inhaler registration 5 companies (~15-20%) show R&D commitment in early stages 13 companies account for <5%; 6 not nominating CFCs for 2013; some not undertaking R+D; transition unlikely In future years, MTOC may be unable to recommend CFCs for those companies nominating small CFC quantities without evidence of continued progress in R&D and phase-out MTOC unable to recommend CFCs for a combination product without active R&D (0.7 tonnes) M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 5

6. Essential Uses MDIs: China Salbutamol JingWei, China’s major salbutamol CFC MDI producer: Launched domestic salbutamol HFC MDI, converted half its plant Will produce 12M salbutamol CFC MDIs, 13M HFC MDIs in 2012 Has requested 209 tonnes for 2013, (211 tonnes for 2012) By end of 2012, JingWei’s salbutamol HFC MDI on domestic market > 12 months ODSstockpile has increased from 83 to 114 tonnes After CFC-free MDI is 12 months on the market, equivalent CFC MDI can be safely withdrawn More substantial CFC reductions, and even more HFC MDI production, would have been expected for 2013. MTOC recommends 50 tonnes less than nominated quantities for salbutamol M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 6

7. Essential Uses MDIs: China - other active ingredients Isoprenaline Concern due to asthma mortality (salbutamol is better) Reformulation only just beginning Full clinical trial probably required, unlikely to be completed before 2016 Nominated quantities recommended, but concerns for feasibility/safety raised Sodium cromoglycate Two companies in active R&D of DPIs, including one company nominating CFCs Nominated quantities recommended because of active R&D for CFC-free inhalers Combination products (salbutamol/ipratropium) CFC containing combination products remain essential until the drugs are available in CFC-free formulations Stability testing on alternative combination product underway Ipratropium available as HFC MDI CFC-free alternatives to salbutamol are not sufficiently available in China Nominated quantities recommended M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 7

8. Essential Uses MDIs: China - other active ingredients (2) Dimethicone for pulmonary oedema Supported by anecdotal rather than scientific evidence Clinical trial expected to be completed in June 2015 Nominated Quantity recommended In future years, MTOC may be unable to recommend CFCs for dimethicone MDIs without evidence of continued progress in R&D, and evidence for efficacy of inhaled dimethicone for pulmonary oedema Traditional Chinese Medicines Complex and combination CFC MDIs, with TCMs as only or partial ingredients TCM ingredients available orally for long time, but only recently in inhaled form Many oral and injectable TCM formulations Evidence not found in China nominations to demonstrate improved efficacy of TCMs in a CFC inhaler compared with oral or injectable forms For these reasons, MTOC does not consider CFCs for TCM-containing CFC MDIs to be essential and unable to recommend nominatedquantities M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 8

9. Essential Uses MDIs: China final phase-out China phase-out to be completed by end of 2016 If 4 salbutamol alternatives become available in 2013, then accelerated transition of salbutamol CFC MDI becomes feasible Without salbutamol, future annual CFC requests will be much smaller China may wish to consider in next year’s nomination a future final campaign production in 2014 to satisfy its total future essential use requirements May require a nomination to cover multiple years based on an assessment of China’s total CFC requirements until phase-out M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 9

10. Essential Uses MDIs: Russia MTOC recommends 212 of 250 tonnes nominated for salbutamol CFC MDIs for domestic use 2 companies participating in approved GEF co-funded UNIDO project, finishing second half 2013 6 imported CFC-free inhalers and local DPI available; price per inhaler of local CFC MDI can be cheaper, but price per dose more expensive, than imported products MTOC recommends 212 tonnes, any deficit in supply can be met by CFC-free MDI imports Russia reported that this is their last nomination M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 10

11. Essential Uses MDIs: Stockpiles Argentina, Bangladesh, China, Pakistan and Russia reported total stocks of ~800 tonnes of pharma-grade CFCs at end of 2011 EC, India and USA had not provided accounting frameworks in January 2012 (previously reported total 1,020 tonnes at end of 2010;) nor Egypt and Syria for 2010. US reported in June, under Dec. XXIII/2(4), on Honeywell stocks potentially available for export to Parties with EUEs: CFC-11 (96 t); CFC-12 (259 t); CFC-113 (75 t). US pharma companies depleting own stockpiles to manufacture 2 CFC MDIs until end of 2013 EC reported in July on destruction of surplus stockpile (12 t) Accounting frameworks/stockpile information allow Parties to continue tracking management and deployment of stockpile until depleted Tracking and trading is particularly important in last stages of global CFC MDI phase-out, avoiding new production M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 11

12. TEAP Chemical Technical Options Committee Progress Report

13. Chemicals TOC – process agents Only 14 process agent uses remain in Table A (dec X/14), and 9 of them use CTC 5 process agent uses reviewed, 3 of which use CTC Remaining uses to be reviewed for 2013 Chloroform may replace CTC in some uses associated with chlorine production Process agent emissions ~284 tonnes/year (~ 397,100 tonnes CO2eq)

14. Chemicals TOC - feedstocks Further information provided on feedstocks, most often, ODS → ODS, but some ODS are transformed into polymers, pharmaceuticals or pesticides Production for feedstocks 1,016,697 tonnes (= 433,188 ODP tonnes) Emissions from feedstock and process agent are 5083 tonnes (= 2166 ODP tonnes). In facilities reviewed, CTC used in production of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is feedstock, not process agent. Recent response from US, response from other Party producing VCM with CTC awaited

15. Chemicals TOC – other issues No new information on n-propyl bromide No new information on plasma arc destruction of methyl bromide Destruction trials going ahead should provide information on destruction efficiency (DE) and destruction & removal efficiency (DRE) Recommended 95 tonnes CFC-113 for Russian Federation EUN; phase out by 2016 expected A new CFC, RC-316, is being investigated by the Russian Federation. Its ODP is not yet estimated

16. Chemicals TOC – lab & analytical uses Standard (or other reliable) methods are available to replace ODS (especially CTC) in analytical uses Alternatives coming into use, reported at regional meetings CTOC members assisting with direct advice to ozone officers and analysts Alternatives still lacking for some laboratory uses Green Chemistry movement opposes use of CTC

17. Chemicals TOC – CTC discrepancy Unresolved discrepancy between ‘top down’ and ‘bottom up’ estimates of CTC emissions Questioning of estimates, stratospheric lifetime of CTC and undetected sources Measurements of city air in several countries reveal low but ongoing CTC concentrations This could be emissions from ‘undetected sources’. Science Panel and TEAP experts will confer during OEWG

18. TEAP Foams Technical Options Committee Progress Report

19. FTOC Progress Report - Transitions HCFC phase-out in the foams sector remains a key element of Phase 1 HPMP compliance strategies Some foam sub-sectors (e.g. PU Spray Foam & XPS) are more challenging and will be part of Phase 2 HPMP strategies in the post-2015 period when more technologies will be available Phase-out of HCFCs at a large number of small enterprises spread across a range ofdeveloping countries is a challenge It is hoped to accomplish this phase-out atthesesmall enterprises largely through umbrella projects based around systems houses M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 19

20. FTOC Progress Report - Transitions (2) Identification ofODSblowing agents imports within fully formulated polyols will be a critical part of effective phase-out The impact of blowing agent on reaction-to-fire of foam products remains a key factor in the selection of alternatives Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs (marketed as HFOs) are attracting real interest in developed countries for their high thermal efficiency M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 20

21. FTOC Progress Report -ODS Banks In developed countries, short-lived foam products (e.g. refrigerators) entering the waste stream are typically no longer based on ODS This trend reduces the ODP- and GWP-weighted impact of blowing agents in typical waste streams and lowers the cost effectiveness of recovery in climate terms For longer-lived products, the cost effectiveness from a climate perspective can be better than for the short-lived products because of higher ODS content in the relevant waste streams even though the ‘per kg’ cost of recovery is higher The overall economic case for recovery of building foams is still highly dependent on the baseline segregation practices deployed at national level The incentive for foam recovery projects hasbeen reduced by the impact of low carbon prices on carbon financing options M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 21

22. TEAP Halons Technical Options Committee Progress Report

23. HTOC Progress Report (1) Development continues on pyrotechnic products to generate nitrogen or mixtures of nitrogen and water vapour, with little particulate content, for use in total flooding applications The development and testing of the unsaturated HBFC-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-bromo-prop-1-ene (2-BTP) for use as a halon 1211 replacement in aviation continues Values for ODP (0.005) and 100-year GWP (0.003) have been published The agent has passed required aviation minimum performance tests, and toxicology testing should be completed in 2012 Non-corrosive and low toxicity water-based agents, which employ multiple additives to achieve a very low freezing point (-70o C) continue to be evaluated M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 23

24. HTOC Progress Report (2) An aerosol (non-pyrotechnic) is being commercialised for aircraft engine nacelle and auxiliary power unit applications All required tests have been passed Full scale aircraft engine demonstration is planned for 2012 Halon 1301 (CF3Br) continues to be produced in China and France for use as a feedstock in the manufacture of the pesticide Fipronil. Production appears to be steady Indian halon users have sufficient supplies of halons 1301 and 1211 from internal and international recycling companies Halon 2402 is no longer in short supply as it is being obtained from shipbreaking in India In China, halons recovered from decommissioned equipment are no longer considered as hazardous wastes M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 24

25. HTOC Progress Report (3) Approximately 1900 tonnes of halon 1211, produced before 2006, remains in China. China’s use is about 20 tonnes per year Despite the shortage of halon 1211 globally, it is unclear to HTOC whether this material can be exported in bulk Parties may wish to consider ways to clarify this situation Low throughput has proven to be problematic to halon recycling and banking in the Middle East Only Jordan’s bank is still operating but may not be sustainable in the long term. Parties may wish to consider notifying the regional network of ozone officers to consider the establishment of regional banking arrangements to ensure adequate supplies of halons for the region This approach may also be viable for other regions facing similar challenges M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 25

26. HTOC Progress Report (4) The HTOC continued to work with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) on relevant changes to the Annexes of the Convention On International Civil Aviation Amendments to Annex 6, Parts I, II and III became applicable on 15th December 2011 to require halon alternatives for: Lavatory fire extinguishing systems for in-production aircraft with an implementation date of 31st December 2011 Hand-held extinguishers for in-production aircraft with an implementation date of 31st December 2016 Amendments to Annex 8 became applicable on 31st December 2011 to require halon alternatives for: Engines and auxiliary power unit fire extinguishing systems for newly designed aircraft with an implementation date of 31 December 2014 M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 26

27. TEAP Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee Progress Report

28. Global consumption for controlled uses Aggregate global consumption was about 10% of the baseline in 2010 M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 28

29. Remaining Challenges in non-A5 Parties countries: Preplant soil use (1) Key Chemical Alternatives Some fumigant combinations (Pichlor 60, Pic Plus) and new combinations of old fumigants continue to replace MB for critical uses. Sales of the chemical alternative methyl iodide were suspended by the manufacturer in the US and NZ. Registration was withdrawn in Australia More research is needed to determine whether application methods or ineffectiveness of alternatives are contributing to the reported re-emergence of previously controlled pathogens e.g. Macrophomina and Fusarium on strawberry M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 29

30. Remaining Challenges in non-A5 Parties Preplant soil use (2) Non chemical alternatives continue to expand worldwide despite some problems: In Italy, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is an emerging bacterial disease which could be aggravated by the use of susceptible hybrids and rootstocks Constraints on soilless culture may include lack of identification of suitable local substrates, and the vulnerability of the system to soil borne pathogens attack M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 30

31. Remaining Challenges in non-A5 Parties Preplant soil use (3) Information on economic infeasibility of alternatives is required to support any further critical use nominations Nursery uses are the most significant remaining use for MB . More studies are required to determine the equivalency of alternatives to MB in their ability to mitigate risk for certification One Party classifies MB under QPS for production of stock plants while all other Parties classify MB use in this sector as non-QPS M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 31

32. Regional MB consumption for controlled uses by A5 Parties • Phase-out with respect to • regional baselines • Latin America 55% • Africa 90% • Asia 84% • Eastern Europe 100% * Previously CEIT M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 32

33. Main challenges for all uses in A5 Parties MB phase-out over the next two years is important as to comply with the phase-out date for controlled uses of 1 January 2015 In many A5 Parties, MB phase-out has already been achieved mainly with support from MLF-funded projects. The projects have identified many non-chemical and chemical alternatives, which are economically and technically feasible Suitable alternatives to MB are more difficult to adopt for a small number of crops produced by both A5 and non-A5 Parties (e.g. some vegetables, some ornamentals, strawberry runners) M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 33

34. Structures and Commodities -progress report (1) Regulatory status of sulfuryl fluoride (SF), a key alternative to MB: There is still no approval for use on packaged rice in Australia No food tolerance in Canada The US continues to collect comments concerning proposed changes to SF food tolerance; in the meantime tolerances remain the same The EU has increased the list of foods which may be SF treated M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 34

35. Structures and Commodities - progress report (2) Special report on recapture of MB from grape fumigation Following incidents of MB poisoning in imported grape fumigation chambers in California, new types of recapture equipment were developed and commercialized to operate effectively in new conditions The new recapture equipment, combined with aeration and transport changes allowed continued import of grapes and worker safety following MB treatment against quarantine pests US regulatory authorities are monitoring MB emissions and worker safety M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 35

36. Structures and Commodities - progress report (3) Special report on Adoption of controlled atmosphere (CA) and modified atmosphere (MA) – rapid widespread commercial use of large chambers for food and non-food commodities Widespread use of CA or MA in storage bags – suitable for on-farm applications in both A5 and non-A5 Parties CA for quarantine is in initial stages M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 36

37. TEAP Refrigeration, AC and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee Progress Report

38. Refrigerants and domestic refrigeration Five new refrigerants obtained standard designations since end 2010: R-407F, R-442A, R-511A, R-512A, R-1234ze(E) Focus continues on both HFCs and non halogenated candidates, with emphasis on low or very low GWP Flammable refrigerants are capturing an increasing share of research, development, and market share than in the past In domestic refrigeration, HFC-134a and HC-600a continue to be the preferred refrigerant options for new production New product development focuses on improved energy efficiency with e.g. variable speed compressors and vacuum insulation Initial efforts to replace HFC-134a by HFC-1234a have begun M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 38

39. Commercial and large size refrigeration Refrigerants for HCFC-22 replacement as diverse as hydrocarbons (HC-600a and HC-290), R-744, intermediate blends (for drop in or nearly drop-in of HCFC-22) and HFC-134a and R-404A are in competition depending on the emphasis set on GWP, safety and energy efficiency Except for HC-290 (limited use in large systems due to safety concerns) there is a lack of low GWP refrigerants with large refrigeration capacity to replace R-404A or HCFC-22 in single stage systems Where regulations prohibit R-717 or limit its charge, cascade R-744 systems or secondary fluids have been used Commercialized HFCs are poor alternatives to HCFC-22 in larger systems M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 39

40. Transport refrigeration At least two global manufacturers have started a field test of marine and trailer refrigeration units with R-744 Hydrocarbons continue to be field tested in refrigerated trucks and home delivery vans in the UK and Germany Applications of unsaturated fluorocarbons (HFC-1234yf) are being explored as well; however, no prototype equipment has been revealed to date M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 40

41. Air conditioners Most Article 5 Parties continue to utilise HCFC-22 as the predominant refrigerant for AC, although several have initiated actions to introduce non ODS refrigerants HC-290 is being used to replace HCFC-22 in low charge applications; it is anticipated that HFC-32, R-744 and possibly HFC-161 (GWP=12) will be used in the future Air conditioners using R-410A and R-407C are widely available in Article 5 Parties. Equipment using R-410A is also being manufactured in some Article 5 Parties, especially in China having a large export market M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 41

42. Heat pumps and chillers HFC-134a and HFC blends R-407C / R-410A are currently used for new water and space heating heat pumps Additional refrigerant options for new heat pumps include HFC-32 and the refrigerants HFC-1234yf and HFC-1234ze and blends with these refrigerants Continuing trend in chiller development is to improve full load and seasonal energy efficiency to address global warming impact, building energy regulations etc. Chiller alternative refrigerants include R-717, hydrocarbons, R-744, HFC-32 and new low GWP HFCs Testing for low GWP HFCs is now underway M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 42

43. Vehicle air conditioning The decision for HFC-1234yf as the new refrigerant for car and light truck AC considered regulatory approval, energy efficiency, costs, system reliability and servicing The pace of the introduction of HFC-1234yf in AC units in new cars is uncertain due to a number of issues including refrigerant costs, availability, and patent disputes The future refrigerant for bus and rail AC is not yet determined. On one hand, R-744 seems to be well suited. On the other, it would not be surprising if HFC-1234yf were selected similar as in car AC M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 43

44. TEAP and TOC Organisational Issues

45. TEAP Membership In April 2012, 14 of 22 TEAP members were from non-Article 5 Parties, 7 from Article 5 Parties, and 1 from a former Country with Economy In Transition (CEIT) There are about 150 members of TEAP and its six TOCs, with about a third from Article 5 Parties In 2011 Parties approved Keiichi Ohnishi as CTOC Co-Chair and Masaaki Yamabe as a Senior Expert Member

46. 2012 TEAP Members Stephen O. Andersen, USA Paul Ashford, UK Mohamed Besri, Morocco Biao Jiang, PRC David V. Catchpole, UK Sergey Kopylov, Russia Lambert Kuijpers, Netherlands Bella Maranion, USA Michelle Marcotte, Canada Alistair McGlone, UK Keiichi Ohnishi, Japan Roberto de A. Peixoto, Brazil Marta Pizano, Colombia Jose Pons-Pons, Venezuela Ian Porter, Australia Miguel Quintero, Colombia Ian D. Rae, Australia Helen Tope, Australia Daniel P. Verdonik, USA Ashley Woodcock, UK Masaaki Yamabe, Japan Shiqiu Zhang, PRC

47. Funding of TEAP and TOC Members The Montreal Protocol Trust Fund pays travel expenses of members from Article 5 Parties to TEAP, TOC, and Task Force meetings Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Germany, Japan, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States, and the European Commission sponsor travel and/or consulting expenses of some members from non-Article 5 Parties Other members from non-Article 5 Parties are sponsored by companies, industry associations, and other NGOs

48. Consequences of Inadequate Funding TEAP and TOCs can only recruit experts from non-Article 5 Parties who can arrange their own financing, with the risk of biasing the membership to the views of organizations with enough interest to sponsor participation In 2012, MBTOC sub-committees met in parallel at two locations to minimize travel expense, MTOC met without many of its members from non-Article 5 Parties, and FTOC met after the TEAP meeting at a conference where its members from non-Article 5 Parties were otherwise sponsored

49. Minority Reports In 2012 TEAP received and published one minority report questioning CUN recommendations and MBTOC procedures TEAP responded in a text box TEAP Decision XXIII/10 Task Force report highlights the need to address TEAP’s internal process for handling minority views appropriately

50. Thank you M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k 50