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WORD-FORMATION PROCESS

WORD-FORMATION PROCESS. Previous Chapter:. Discussion of how words are structured In order to discuss it, already existed words are studied . However , there are also new constructions , new combinations of words. This Chapter:. Derivation Compunding Onomatopoeia Conversion

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WORD-FORMATION PROCESS

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  1. WORD-FORMATION PROCESS

  2. Previous Chapter: • Discussion of howwordsarestructured • Inordertodiscuss it, alreadyexistedwordsarestudied. • However, therearealsonewconstructions, newcombinations of words.

  3. This Chapter: • Derivation • Compunding • Onomatopoeia • Conversion • Borrowing • Coinage • Semantic change • Metaphorical extension • Clipping • Blending • Acronyms • Backformation • Multiple processes

  4. Derivation • Creation of a new lexical item (i.e. word form which would be found in a dictionary) • Sür- : 100 • Gör- : 70 • (Aksan, 1987: 27-30) • Tut- : 65 • (Aksan, 1996: 45-46)

  5. Derivation • 4 Possibilities of derivation (Table 6.1) • ● denominal nominal (noun from noun) • ● deverbal nominal (noun from verb) • ● denominal verbal (verb from noun) • ● deverbal verbal (verb from verb)

  6. Derivation • Some prefix examples in Turkish: • anormal • antipatik • deforme • dezavantaj • deşifre • diskalifiye • hipotez • otopsi • paragraf • prova • reaksiyon

  7. Reduplication • Copying some part of the underlying stem to various extent • ● Partial reduplication: insertion of /p/,/m/,/s/,/r/ • ● Full reduplication: copying the entire stem

  8. Some formal features • ● grammatical: • hızlı hızlı yürüdü • * Hızlı hızlı tren • ● phonological: • Sound alternations: Sıkı fıkı • Internal vowel alternation: çar çur • Extenders: fır fır, zırıl zırıl • Doublets: with /m/ • Arı marı, sarı marı • ● semantically: • Synonymous words: sorgu sual • Near synonyms: delik deşik • Antonymous words: ileri geri • ● morphologically: bilmiş bilmiş konuştu

  9. Compounding • Two free morphemes from different or same word classes to express a single meaning • Types of compounding: • ● nominal • ● verbal • ● adjectival

  10. Compounding • Nominal compounds: • ●Noun noun pairings • noun noun + 3rd poss: çocuk sandalyesi • noun noun (bare): taş bina • noun + case noun (1 bare+1 cased): şekerden ev • adjective + noun: karaağaç, palabıyık • noun + verb: imambayıldı

  11. Compounding • Verbal compounds: • N/Adj + V • Stem • Ex: kitap okumak, banyo yapmak • V + V (double verb construction) • subordinative coordinative • (converb of the no verb is subordinated • lexical verb (yapa) to another (ağladı durdu) • followed by a • post verb (dur)

  12. Compounding • Adjectival compounds: • Nouns with 3rd person singular possessive marking followed by an adjective • Ex: gözü pek, karnı tok

  13. Onomatopoeia • Sounds of the nature inspire creation of new words • Ex: hırıldamak, cıvıldamak • Others: çat, fır, pat, tık, güm, şır etc.

  14. Conversion • Shift from one word class to another without any other addition or reduction in the word • Ex: acı: verb & adj • ağrı: verb & noun

  15. Borrowing • Taking words from other languages • Ex: check-up, sweatshirt • A special type of borrowing: • loan-translation or calque: word-for-word translation • Ex: bilgi toplumu, uzaktan kumanda • Kapak kızı (cover girl), yuvarlak masa toplantısı (round table meeting)

  16. Coinage • Creating previously non-existent roots in language • Ex: selpak, aygaz

  17. Semantic change • Broadening, narrowing or a complete change of the word’s meaning • Ex: alan / dirilmek • Reversals: from positive to negative (semantic degradation) or vice versa (semantic elevation) • Ex: alçak / çocuk • A special case: Eponymy: Conversion of the proper nouns into common nouns

  18. Metaphorical extension • Using an existing word to refer to an object with similar properties of its referent • Ex: çeşme • ● using nature for colours: camgöbeği, vişneçürüğü • ● idioms: öküz altında buzağı aramak, içine kurt düşmek • ● human features: sinir küpü, yapışkan, pişkin • ● appearance: fındıkkurdu, çam yarması

  19. Clipping • Reduction process that shortens a long word • Ex: otomobil => oto

  20. Blending • compounding + clipping • Ex: Avrupa & Asya => Avrasya

  21. Acronyms • Forming a new construction by using the first letters of the words • Ex: BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation • NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration • ASAP: As Soon As Possible • P.S: Post Script • KISS: Keep It Simple, Stupid (advice often given to speakers and writers)

  22. Backformation • It is not a productive word formation process in Turkish • Ex: Expected is simple from complex as below: • ilet- > iletiş- > iletişim • However, • iletişim > iletiş

  23. Multiple processes • Usingmorethanonewordformationto form newwords • Ex: düşe kalka bitirdik => derivation & reduplication • laser: lightamplificationbystimulatedemission of radiation • radar • fax...

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