Internationalism and Health

1. Internationalism and Health Lecture: Health and the Doctrine of Development Aaron Pascal Mauck MA, PhD 3/14/2013 DATE LECTURER

2. The Doctrine of Development • Economic Development and Health • WHO Development Policies, 1948-1970 • WHO Development Policies in Transition, 1970-1978

3. The Doctrine of Development Development is broadly linked to modernization theory, which tends to posit A single, generally unidirectional process of social evolution away from Traditional societies towards modern ones. Modernity is often associated With positive political, social, and economic goals. Development became an explicit international goal in the aftermath of WWII As a strategy for rebuilding the global economy, modernizing post-colonial Nations, and pursuing the Cold War Development policies have often focused on economic development as the key to other forms of development. Health policies have played a secondary but important role in development models through their links to the economy. From the forties through the sixties, the state played a large role in promoting Development through support of industrialization. By the eighties, market- centered models neoliberalPolicies stressing comparative advantage began to replace state-centered models.

4. The Doctrine of Development “More than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery. Their food is inadequate, they are victims of disease. Their economic life is primitive and stagnant. Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas. For the first time in history humanity possesses the knowledge and the skill to relieve the suffering of these people ... I believe that we should make available to peace-loving peoples the benefits of our store of technical knowledge in order to help them realize their aspirations for a better life… What we envisage is a program of development based on the concepts of democratic fair dealing ... Greater production is the key to prosperity and peace. And the key to greater production is a wider and more vigorous application of modem scientific and technical knowledge” Harry Truman

5. The Doctrine of Development Economic development was facilitated by the creation of national and international organizations with explicit development goals, largely related to the reorganization Of land, labor, and capital along “modern” lines World Bank was established in 1944 with the official goal Of alleviating poverty. Its initial focus was on European Recovery, but shifted to economically developing Countries after the introduction of the Marshall Plan. From 1948-1968, World Bank loans were relatively small And were linked to infrastructural improvements. After 1968 the loan program expanded, and shifted towards Social services and other economic sectors

6. Economic Development and Health

7. WHO Development Policies, 1948-1970

8. The WHO was created in affiliation with the UN, and like the UN had an explicitly International approach designed to control the Impact of national politics in shaping its agenda The constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by all 61 countries of the UN by 1946. The first meeting of the World Health Assembly took place in 1948 The WHO incorporated both the Office International d'HygiènePublique and the League of Nations Health Organization , but developed an agenda of disease Control and eradication based on the advances that had taken place in WWII Central to early WHO activities were global activities to control infectious diseases Like gonorrhea, syphilis, and tuberculosis, and parasitic diseases like malaria. This reflected the presence of new tools: antibiotics and pesticides. G. Brock Chisholm , the first president, adopted an explicitly apolitical stance, and Worked to maintain membership even with the temporary attrition of Eastern Bloc Countries between 1953 and 1958.