INTERNATIONALISM

1. INTERNATIONALISM To What Extent Should Internationalism Be Pursued?

2. Chapter 11: UNDERSTANDING INTERNATIONALISM “Should nations and nation-states be involved in international affairs?”

3. Exploration of this chapter’s issue will involve examining, investigating, and discussing three primary questions: Question 1: “What are the different understandings of internationalism?” Question 2: “Why might nations chooses to participate in international affairs?” Question 3: “Why might nations choose not to participate in international affairs?”

4. Stephen Lewis ...We came out of Rwanda asking ourselves how it was possible that the world was inert in the face of a hideous genocide that everyone knew was taking place. It is my contention that years from now, historians will ask how it was possible that the world allowed AIDS to throttle and eviscerate a continent... • United Nations Press Briefing

5. Current Dilemmas • Continuing with this line of thinking... • People are being displaced, repressed, and wiped out through government initiatives around our world. • Do these actions require world involvement or are they local issues?

6. Question 1: “What are the different understandings of internationalism?” Internationalism means many things and takes many forms. Look at these definitions. Internationalism is… “a means for nations and/or states to work cooperatively while still representing differing perspectives and interests” “about nations who cooperate because their long-term mutual interests are of greater value than their individual short term needs” “a willingness to understand and respect the concerns, attitudes, and ways of life of other countries” “a political movement that advocates a greater economic and political cooperation among nations for the benefit of all” With your partner or group, use these definitions and come up with what you believe the key attributes to internationalism are.

7. Question 1: “What are the different understandings of internationalism?” • Internationalism can have differing perspectives too. For example… • Read “Views on Internationalism” on pages 233 and 234 of your text. • In your group, write one or two sentences that summarize what each statement is saying.

8. What is Internationalism? Internationalism is a belief and/or a movement that advocates a greater economic, political, and social cooperation among nations.

9. There are three different kinds of internationalism: • Hegemonic: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzZmU0aGmcc • world is integrated based on unequal terms with dominance of one nation-state over others. (Imperialism, Colonialism, Super-powers, War on Terror, IMF, WTO, China controlling Tibet, etc.)

10. Arguments for and against…. • For: • Dominant countries with ruling or imposing power will bring their successes to the less influential nation and help the host become stronger in all aspects • many people believe that international security and prosperity are best achieved when certain nation-states assert a leading role • Greater communication – prevalence of English • Against • Often times this happens through a type ofinvasionto remove undesirables • Wealthier, stronger nations may not have similar political, economic, religious, or social ideologies

13. Revolutionary: • A belief that conflicts within societiesaredetermined by international factors and alliances. (American, French, and Communist revolutions;Egypt, Libya, Syria are modern day examples; environmentalism)

14. Arguments for and against…. • For: • The watchful eye of more imposing nations or just the number of nations watching does influence the way a nation-state would operate because the pressure of being watched can pressure governments to do the right thing • Can create positive change in political and economic institutions • Against • Conflicts will still arise because of differences in beliefs, values and ideals and interests inside the group • Violence….. war, civil war

16. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2z-rKjTivDs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DTDQa9gxjiQ

17. Liberal: • The belief that through greater interaction and co-operation, nations and nation-states can achieve common goals, especially peace and prosperity. (European Union, League of Nations, United Nations)

18. Arguments for and against…. • For: • Potential to increase world GDP through increased trade and bring poorer nations/nation-states up from the basement of the global economy • Greater chance to achieve peace through greater interaction, co-operation, understanding and global responsibility • Against • Nation-states may have to surrender some sovereignty • Continue to widen the economic gap between rich and poor as more industrialized nations may benefit more than poorer ones • Nation-states may selectively pick which issues to address

20. What kinds of internationalism do these represent?

23. Why might nations choose to participate in international affairs? • Economic Stability: • Internationalism can be linked to ensuring economic stability within a nation. • Example: • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), EU (European Union)

24. The most important factor for economic stability is high employment. More jobs. Pays for gov’t. services and programs. Increased demand. People make money Gov’t. collects more taxes More people with money to spend. More goods and services purchased. Remember though….this can also work in the opposite direction too. Hence the importance of economic stability.

25. 2. Peace and Security: • Internationalism can be linked to nations promoting peace and ensuring their citizens can live in safety. • International treaties improve security options • Military alliances • NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) • NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense) • Nations want to limit the spread of conflicts to own country • WMD’s • Civil war • Terrorism • Poverty and environment • Organized crime

26. It is hard to be happy or to live a satisfying life when faced with violence and conflict. • When citizens of a nation do not feel safe • education suffers • productivity is reduced • people are more likely to oppose governments • This motivates governments to try and ensure the safety and security needs of citizens. • Is it ever possible for a government to meet all the peace and security needs of a country’s citizens? Skilled, experienced workers and a content society Economic prosperity

27. How does Canada ensure the safety and security of its citizens? • Canada belongs to many organizations that promote security of our nation: • NATO (North Atlantic Treat Organization) • NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense) • UN (United Nations) • Why would countries be motivated to co-operate with other nation states to ensure peace and security? Do nations co-operate with just any nation? • What are some commonalities between nations who co-operate with one another? • Would a country with a strong military, like the USA, be motivated as strongly as nation-states whose armed forces are smaller?

28. 3. Humanitarianism: • This form of nationalism is based on the belief in our common humanity • The idea of moral imperative - the right thing to do • much of humanitarian action relates to assisting other nations with long-term economic and social development rather than short-term crises

29. Many nation-states take actions to relieve suffering and protect the innocent by addressing…. • Natural disasters • Disease • War • Famine • Poverty • Prevent Genocides • Humanitarian aid can come in many forms: • Monetary aid • Supplies • Trained personnel • Accepting refugees • Are there any underlying motives for nations helping other nations apart • from just being “nice”? • Are there any reasons why some people believe we shouldn’t those nations • less fortunate than our own?

30. Peacekeeping and Peacemaking

31. Assistance for Hurricane Katrina

32. Tsunami in Japan

33. Famine in Africa

34. 4. Self-Determination: • is the ability and desire of a nation to fulfill its people’s economic, social, cultural and political needs so that the nation can exist, continue to grow and/or become its own nation-state • Arab Spring • Communist revolution in USSR (1917) • Indigenous peoples (World Council of Indigenous Peoples) • India/Pakistan

35. MOTIVATION AGAINST INTERNATIONALISM Isolationism is a foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military policy and a political policy of economic nationalism (protectionism). In other words, it asserts both of the following: • Non-interventionism • Political rulers should avoid entangling alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial self-defense. • Protectionism  • There should be legal barriers to control trade and cultural exchange with people in other states. • Fear of a loss of sovereignty and self-determination.

36. Chapter 12 INTERNATIONALISM & FOREIGN POLICY

37. Key Questions • How do countries set foreign policy? • How can states promote internationalism through foreign policy? • Should foreign policy promote internationalism?

38. International Involvement

39. Unilateralism • when a nation takes action without the support of other nations • similar to isolationism, but a nation can get involved in an international issue in a unilateral way, whereas isolationism is an ideology that encourages non-involvement. • Example: • China’s stance on Tibet • USA war on terror (Osama Bin Laden) • Russia in Crimea

40. Bilateralism • two nations negotiate trade or defense agreements that help both nations • a treaty, a joint declaration on common issue, or agreement of foreign aid between the donor country and the country receiving the aid. • Example: • NORAD • American/Canadian agreement on acid rain. • Trade agreements – Canada and Australia or China

41. Multilateralism • many nations working together; taking a supranational approach • negotiating trade or defense agreements, work on assisting a humanitarian effort, or creating international law • Benefits • support from a variety of nations and nation-states. • having many voices = effective solution can be found. • Concern • it takes time to listen to everyone. (While a multilateral organization is discussing what should be done, a nation could have already gone in and unilaterally dealt with the problem.) Examples: UN – NATO – NAFTA – EU -- Kyoto Accord

42. In what ways does Canada seek co-operation in its foreign policy? Our identity as a country, helps shape our interactions with other nations and international actions affect our identity. For Canadians, multilateralism has been the approach most favored when addressing international concerns, although Canada does have bilateral relations with the United States

43. The importance of multilateralism for Canadian foreign policy is underscored in the following statement…. “Canada has long understood that multilateral co-operation is essential if the world is to make progress in preventing and ending conflict, promoting sustainable development and enabling commerce…..” ……Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUveQiNxBak&safe=active

44. Canada’s Foreign Policy Goals

45. Canada’s Foreign Policy Goals • Peace and security: Canada works to encourage world peace through defense arrangements, peacekeeping efforts and by maintaining friendly relations with other nations • Social justice: Canada provides foreign aid, loans and other support to nations in need. • Economic growth: Canada wants to maintain a high standard of living for its citizens. It pursues policies such as trade agreements to improve the economic well-being of its citizens.

46. Sovereignty: Canada needs to ensure its own existence by preserving control over our own affairs and not allowing other nation-states to control or excessively influence us. Safe environment: The world is becoming increasingly aware of the need to protect the earth’s environment. Canada cooperates with other countries in attempting to control pollution and other environmental hazards. Quality of Life: Canada believes quality of life is an important consideration. Canada participates in cultural, technological, and scientific exchanges. These can improve the quality of life for Canadians and citizens of other nations.

47. What influences our Foreign Policy Decisions • Geography: our location in the world (relation to U.S., northern hemisphere, North America). • Pastexperience: history of our relations with other countries, our colonial links to Britain and France. • Ideology: the ideas and values a nation stands for (democracy, freedom)

48. Personal view of the Prime Minister: the leader of the current government has a tremendous influence on foreign policy; if the government changes, often the priorities of foreign policy change. Public opinion: Canadians can influence foreign policy by voting, joining pressure groups, writing letters to newspapers and politicians. Canada’s status in the world: we are a middle power (not a superpower, but important). Policies of other nations: in particular the stronger nations are going to influence Canada’s decisions.

49. Examples of ways to implement Canada’s foreign policy goals • send diplomats • formalize international trade • sign military agreements • act as negotiator, or observer(like an election to encourage peace between or within nation-states). • If we disagree with how a nation-state is behaving we can use: • reduce or stop diplomatic relationships • economic sanctions • political sanctions • threat of force

50. CANADA: A HISTORY OF PEACEKEEPING