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Human Anatomy

Human Anatomy. The Respiratory System. Function. Provides the exchange of CO 2 and O 2 between atmosphere and blood. Atmosphere Blood. O 2. CO 2. LUNG. Function. Moving air to and from the lungs Producing sounds involved in speaking. Overview.

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Human Anatomy

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  1. Human Anatomy The Respiratory System

  2. Function • Provides the exchange of CO2 and O2 between atmosphere and blood Atmosphere Blood O2 CO2 LUNG

  3. Function • Moving air to and from the lungs • Producing sounds involved in speaking

  4. Overview

  5. Lining of Airways The mucus escalator Ciliated epithelial w/ goblet cells line most of the airways in the respiratory tree

  6. A. Upper Respiratory Tract • Includes: • Nasal cavity • Pharynx

  7. Upper Respiratory Tract End of upper Respiratory tract

  8. 1. Nasal Cavity • Begins at external nares • Ends at posterior border of hard palate • Nasal septum and conchae

  9. 2. Pharynx • Divided into 3 regions • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx

  10. Nasophaynx • Posterior boundary of hard palate to end of uvula • Adenoid tonsils (lymph nodes)--snoring • Opening of auditory tube – leading to middle ear

  11. Nasopharynx Posterior boundary of hard palate to end of uvula Adenoid tonsils (lymph nodes)--snoring Opening of auditory tube – leading to middle ear

  12. Oropharynx • That part of the “throat” that you can see when you look in the mirror • Contains the palatine tonsils on the lateral walls • Ends at the tip of the epiglottis

  13. Laryngopharynx • Posterior to the epiglottis

  14. Epiglottis • Cartilage at base of tongue • Moves down when tongue swallows • Covers opening to lower respiratory system • Directs food into esophagus

  15. Epiglottis Epiglottis covers larynx and directs food into esophagus

  16. B. Lower Respiratory Tract • Includes: • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchiole tree • Lung

  17. Lower Respiratory System

  18. 1. Larynx (ant. to post.) • Defined by two cartilages • Cricoid • Thyroid • Thyroid cartilage is incomplete posteriorly 4. Cricoid cartilage is circular and complete.

  19. Vocal cords • Located in larynx just posterior to thyroid cartilage

  20. Vocal cords

  21. Vocal Cords Normal cords Laryngitis inflammed vocal cords

  22. 2. Trachea • About 4-5 inches long • Supported by incomplete C-shaped cartilagenous rings • Posterior wall is made of smooth muscle

  23. Trachea • The carina is a pointed end of the trachea ends as the carina

  24. Primary (1o) Bronchi • Trachea branches into L&R primary bronchi (bronchus, sng.)

  25. Differences betweenR&L primary bronchi • Right is wider • Right is more vertical • Asperated objects more likely to go down right side (75%)

  26. Respiratory Tree • Note that the primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi • And branching continues extensively

  27. Bronchial Branching • Right primary bronchus divides into 3 secondary bronchi • Left primary bronchus divides into 2 secondary bronchi • Secondary bronchi on both sides branch into a total of 10 tertiary or segmental bronchi. • Each segmental bronchus supplies a specific segment of the lung. • Each branch gets a branch from the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein

  28. Lung Segments

  29. Tertiary Branching • Tertiary bronchi branch into bronchioles • Bronchioles are not supported by cartilage

  30. Asthma • Caused by constriction of smooth muscle that make up the wall of the bronchioles • Exhalation more affected than inhalation

  31. Respiratory Bronchioles • Smallest • Walls are very thin • No cilia or goblet cells • Deliver air to the exchange surfaces of the lungs

  32. Respiratory Bronchioles

  33. Respiratory Bronchioles

  34. Alveoli (Alveolus) • Air exchange surface of the lung

  35. Alveoli

  36. Alveolus • Each lung contains ~ 150 million alveoli • Wall comprised of simple squamous epithelial cells • Two types of alveolar cells • Type I – very thin and makes up most of the wall • Type II – not as thin and produces surfactant, a detergent that allows the lung to expand the first time a baby inhales

  37. Air Exchange venuole carrying oxygenated blood arteriole carrying unoxygenated blood

  38. Gross Anatomy of Lungs • Lungs are divided into lobes by fissures. • Right lung has 2 fissures and 3 lobes • Left lung has 1 fissure and 2 lobes

  39. Pulmonary Pathologies

  40. Pulmonary Pathologies Normal Emphysema

  41. Pulmonary Pathologies Left Lung Pneumonia

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