Animal Systems

1. Animal Systems

2. Animals as an organism • 1. Animals are composed of a variety of interdependent systems • 2. No one system can function entirely on its own • 3. In order to keep animals healthy, producers make sure that all systems function properly.

3. Skeletal System • Function - provides frame and support for all other systems and organs • Cartilage -- firm, flexible tissues that is not as hard as bone • Bones • Function -- attach muscles, means of movement, protect internal organs, storage of minerals, blood formation

4. Layers of Bone • Periosteum -- outer layer; cushions the hard portion of the bone; repair of broken bones • Compact Bone -- beneath periosteum, layer of hard mineral matter; gives bones strength • Spongy Bone -- Inside hard outer layer; fills ends of bones; lines hollow portions • Red marrow -- inside cavities of spongy bone; formation of blood cells • Yellow marrow -- Located inside hollow portion; fat storage cells; energy storage

5. Types of Bone • Long Bones -- longest; provide support and movement; levers; • example -- legs, ribs, pelvic bones • Short Bones -- smaller than long; joints; comfort and mobility • example -- feet and hands

6. Types of Bone • Irregular Bones -- have an irregular shape; support and protect • example -- vertebrae • Flat Bones -- thin and flat; protect organs • example -- skull

7. Joints • where different bones meet • Ligaments • connect bones together; tough tissue • Movement • none; hinge; ball and socket; gliding;

8. Muscular System • Function -- to move the animal about, to provide movement for the proper functioning of the organs. • Meat production -- muscles are processed into meat; 30-40% of the animal’s body is muscle.

9. Skeletal Muscle • Movement -- movement for the bones of the skeleton and other voluntary movement; composed of long, striated bundles that contract and relax • Tendons --connect muscles to bones • Red Muscle -- contain many mitochondria; lots of bood; contract for long periods of time

10. Skeletal Muscle • White Muscle -- Fewer mitochondria; contract faster; fatigue faster. • Smooth Muscle • Movement -- Controls movements of the internal organs; involuntary; non-striated sheets. • Examples-- Digestive tract, urinary tract

11. Cardiac Muscle • Movement -- muscles that control the heart; striated and arranged in bands; involuntary; amazing • Stamina -- # of times a heart beats in a lifetime?

12. Digestive System • Function-- Supplies energy by converting ingested food into usable forms • Conversion-- breaking food down into components that can be absorbed. • Absorption-- bringing nutrients into the blood and ultimately into the cells

13. Digestive System • Monogastric System -- Simple stomach • Examples of animals • -- pig, dog, cat, birds,bear, humans • Process • Mouth • Esophagus • Peristalsis -- contractions of muscles that move food from the mouth to stomach • Stomach -- breaks down food by muscle contractions and gastric juice

14. Digestive System • Small intestine • duodenum -- breaks down food using enzymes • jejunum -- absorbs food into bloodstream • ilium -- more absorption takes place her • villi-- fingerlike projections that absorb food • Large Intestine • Cecum -- contains microorganisms in some animals, useless in others • Colon -- removal of water and minerals, breakdown by microorganisms • Rectum -- passes waste material through to the anus

15. Accessory Organs • Liver -- filters blood, stores nutrients, and produces bile • Pancreas -- produces enzymes (insulin, etc) that break down food • Gall Bladder -- stores bile for use as needed.

16. Digestive System • Modified Monogastric System • Examples of Animals --horses and rabbits • Differences from simple monogastric -- enlarged cecum containing many microorganisms so that cellulose can be broken down and used.

17. Ruminate Digestive Track

18. Ruminant Digestive System • Examples of Animals -- cattle, sheep, goats, deer, elk • Differences from Simple monogastric • Rumen -- storage vat; food is soaked, mixed and fermented ( lots of microorganisms). • Reticulum -- indigestible hard objects are removed, sorts feed for regurgitation (“cud”) • Omasum -- grind roughage and remove some water • Abomasum -- “true stomach”; break down like non-ruminant stomach

19. Circulatory System • Function -- transports food, nutrients, water, oxygen and wastes throughout the body; regulates temperature; removes disease. • Heart -- center of the circulatory system; large muscle that pumpscontinuously • Four chambers • Atria -- receives blood into heart; right from venacava, left from lungs • Ventricles -- pumps blood out into arteries; right to lungs; left to aorta

20. Route of blood in the heart

21. Blood Vessels • Arteries -- vessels that take blood from the heart • Veins -- vessels that return blood to the heart • Capillaries -- connect arteries and veins; deliver nutrients to the cells and take away wastes • Blood -- 1/2 is plasma (clear), 1/2 is cells

22. Blood Components • Red Blood cells -- give blood color; carry oxygen • White Blood cells -- destroy disease; pus • Platelets -- fragments of cells; aid in clotting

23. Circulatory System

24. Respiratory System

25. Function • Takes oxygen from the air and places it in the bloodstream for distribution to the cells of the animal’s body. • Removes carbon dioxide

26. Structures • Nostrils -- large amounts of air, open into nasal cavity • Mouth -- brings in air • Pharynx -- nasal cavity leads here; common passageway for food, water, and air; controlled by epiglottis

27. Structures • Larynx -- voice box (Adam’s apple); prevents material from entering lungs. • Trachea -- large tube; made of rigid cartilaginous rings; branch into bronchi • Bronchi -- branch out further

28. Structures • Alveoli -- surrounded by blood vessels; carbon dioxide is removed from blood, and oxygen is absorbed • Diaphragm -- large muscle under the lungs; when contracted, rib cage expands and air comes in; when the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced out

29. Respiratory System Types • Lungs • Gills

31. Capillary Network Alveolus

32. Nervous System

33. Function • The central system that controls all movements and processes of the body • Impulse Movement -- sends information through a system of nerves • electric impulses

34. Structures • Motor Neurons - nerves that conduct impulses from the brain to the body • Sensory Neurons - send impulses from the body to the brain • Spinal Cord - all nerves are connected directly or indirectly • Brain

36. Lobes of the Brain • Cerebrum - largest part; wrinkled and folded; controls thought processes and memory • Cerebellum - coordination center; at the back of the brain • Medulla oblongata - controls involuntary activities of the body • (heart beat, breathing, body temp., digestion)

38. Endocrine System • Function - glands that secrete hormones (chemical control) • Hormones - chemicals that are sent to specific areas of the body; have a specific response • Glands - produce hormones

39. Pituitary Gland • base of brain • controls other glands • growth and reproduction

40. Hypothalamus • lower front of brain • controls body temp., hunger, sleep and digestion

41. Adrenal glands • on top of kidneys • adrenaline -- fight or flight

42. Thyroid gland • on front of trachea • thyroxin • controls metabolism

43. Pancreas • secretes insulin and glucagon • regulates sugar in the body

44. Testes/Ovaries • produce sex hormones

46. Excretory System • Function • Remove waste products from the body

47. Structures • Kidneys - filter blood and remove water, salts, and ammonia • Bladder - store wastes from the kidneys before release • Lungs - removes CO2 and H2O • Skin - removes H2O and salts

48. Reproductive Systems

49. Major Organs of the Reproductive System • Ovaries - FEMALE reproductive gland in which EGGS are formed and hormones are produced. • Testes -- MALE reproductive gland that produces SPERM and TESTOSTERONE.

50. Sex Cells • Contain HALF the normal number of chromosomes • Female Reproductive Cell - EGG (OVULE) • Male Reproductive Cell - SPERM • Semen - the fluid that carries sperm