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Animal Organ Systems

Animal Organ Systems. Anatomy and Physiology. Fundamentals of Life. All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the most basic structure of life. Cells need oxygen , food /energy, and water to survive. Natural Hierarchy. Cells are the most basic and simple.

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Animal Organ Systems

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  1. Animal Organ Systems Anatomy and Physiology

  2. Fundamentals of Life • All living things are made up of cells. • Cells are the most basic structure of life. • Cells need oxygen, food/energy, and water to survive.

  3. Natural Hierarchy • Cells are the most basic and simple. • Cells that are all alike work together to form tissues which perform tasks. • Tissues that are alike work together to form organs which complete jobs. • Organs work together in organ systems to carry out processes. • Organ systems work together to support the life of an organism.

  4. How do we study animals? • We look at the outside of them – the outer physical structures. • We look inside of dead animals – the internal physical structures. • We look at the tissues under a microscope – microscopic structures. • We study the chemical reactions between cells, tissues, and organs.

  5. Anatomy • The study of the form, shape, and appearance of an animal – its structures both internal and external. • Gross anatomy is the study of the structures – internal and external – that we can see with the naked eye. • Microscopic anatomy is the structures that can only be seen under magnification

  6. Physiology • The study of the functions of the cells, tissues, and organs of the animal. • Biochemistry • How cells, tissues and organs work together to complete a task…digestion.

  7. Why study anatomy and physiology? • Efficient production of livestock requires understanding the anatomy and physiology related to Production. • Production is muscle gain, milk or egg production, and hair or wool production. • Raising animals requires an understanding of the requires needed for animal wellbeing. • Animal wellbeing is caring for animals so that their basic needs are met and they do not suffer.

  8. Mammals vs Non-mammals • Most of our livestock are mammals. • i.e. – vertebrate that has hair, gives birth to live young, produces milk, & maintains constant body temperature. • Cattle, horses, pigs, goats & sheep, etc. • Exceptions are poultry & aquacrops. • Poultry – birds – ducks, chickens, turkeys, etc. • Aquacrops – fish, shrimp, etc.

  9. Organ Systems • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous • Circulatory • Respiratory • Excretory • Digestive • Endocrine • Integumentary • Reproductive

  10. Skeletal • Bones • 50% water, 26% minerals (Ca & P), 20% protein, 4% fat • Core is soft and spongy – called marrow • Marrow makes new red blood cells for body. • Cartilage • Soft, tough tissue found between bones that cushions joints • Ligaments • Long stretchy tissue that holds joints together

  11. Skeletal • Gives structure and support • Protects internal organs • Makes locomotion/movement possible

  12. Skeletal - Joints

  13. Skeletal - Skull • Skull is made up of several fused bones

  14. Skeletal - Spine • The spine is made up of many vertebrae and cartilage disks • 5 types of vertebrae • Cervical – neck • Thoracic – body • Lumbar – lower back • Sacral – around hip • Coccygeal - tail

  15. Muscular • Muscles • Fibrous cells that are design to contract and relax in pairs • Voluntary – under the organisms conscious control – triceps • Involuntary – automatically move to regulate body functions – heart and diaphragm • Tendons • Long, thin, stretchy tissues that attach muscles to bones. • Muscles pull against bone when they contract which causes movement.

  16. Muscular • Primary function is movement. • External & internal • Also protect delicate organs • Muscles make up about half our livestock animals’ weight. • Composed mostly of protein.

  17. Muscular • Three types of muscles • Skeletal – meat – bicep – voluntary • Cardiac – heart – involuntary • Smooth – digestive system - involuntary

  18. Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

  19. A=RhomboideuscapitisB=SpleniusC=Levator scapulae ventralisD=SupraspinatusE=InfraspinatusF=Teres majorG=SerratusdorsalisH=LongissimusdorsiI=MultifidaespinaeJ=ClavotrapeziusK=ClavobrachialisL=AcromiodeltoidM=SpinodeltoidN=AcromiotrapeziusO=SpinotrapeziusP=SpinalisdorsalisQ=LatissimusdorsiR=Rhomboideus

  20. Nervous • Uses electrical impulses to send messages from brain throughout body. • Controls activity, learning, memory • Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

  21. Nervous • Nerves • Branch out and reach rest of body • Sensory organs • Vision • Olfactory • Touch • Taste • Auditory • Brain • Soft tissues that coordinates all aspects of animal function • Spinal Cord • Main “highway” for nerve impulses to travel from brain to rest of body

  22. Nervous - Brain • Bain • Cerebrum – controls voluntary movement and thought • Kicking, biting, vocals, licking, etc • Cerebellum – coordination of animal’s movement • Walking • Brain Stem – most of the functions to maintain life • Body temp, breathing, digestion, heart beat

  23. Brain Stem Cerebellum Cerebrum

  24. Nervous – Cranial Nerves

  25. Nervous – Cranial Nerves

  26. Nervous - Sight

  27. Nervous – Touch

  28. Circulatory • Heart • Technically a muscle • Pumps blood with 4 chambers and 2 valves • Arteries • Carry oxygen rich blood from lungs and heart to tissues • Veins • Carry blood back from tissues to lungs and heart.

  29. Circulatory – Heart - exterior

  30. Circulatory – Heart - interior

  31. Circulation – the flow of blood

  32. Circulatory – Arteries and Veins Aorta Vena Carva

  33. Circulatory • Blood • white blood cells • Neutrophil • Monocyte • Lymphocyte • Eosinophil • Basophil • Fights pathogens • Plasma • Liquid part of blood – 55% of volume • red blood cells • Erythrocytes • Carries O2 and carbohydrates (glucose) • Platelets • Thrombocytes • Makes blood clot

  34. Circulatory - Blood

  35. Circulatory – Stained blood smears Basophil Erythrocytes Eosinophil Nuetrophil Monocyte Thrombocyte Lymphocyte

  36. Circulatory • Also includes the Lymph Glands • Secrete disease fighting materials • Moves materials throughout the body

  37. Respiratory • Nasal and Sinus Passages • External opening of the body and passageways • Pharynx & Larynx • Pharynx connects the esophagus and trachea • Larynx is the “voice box” • Trachea • Wind pipe that connects nasal passages with bronchi

  38. Respiratory • Bronchus • Tube that branch off of the trachea and carry air to lungs • Bronchioles • Smaller tubes that branch off of bronchi • Alveoli • Small sacks where gas exchange occurs • Lungs • “bags” that expand and contract to bring in fresh air and expel old air

  39. Respiratory • Function is to bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide. • Exchange of gasses happens inside the lungs in the alveoli. • Lungs expand and contract due to the movement of the diaphragm.

  40. Excretory • Also referred to as the Renal System. • Kidneys • Remove waste materials from blood • Nephrons filter out wastes (urine) • Found in the Medulla and Cortex of kidney • Bladder • Holds urine • Ureters • Connect bladder to urethra • Urethra • Empties urine to the exterior of the animal

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