Animal Organ Systems

1. Animal Organ Systems

2. Study of the form, shape , and appearance of the animal. Anatomy

3. Focuses on the function of the cells, tissues, organs and systems of the body Systems of the body – skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and digestive Physiology

4. Skeletal sytem

5. Protects the delicate internal organs and helps keep them properly arranged the body Bones – hard part of skeleton, made of calcium, phosphorus, and other substances Cartilage – found at the ends of bones, flexable material that lubricates the joints and cushion shocks. Skeletal System

9. Muscular System

10. Largest system in the body, making up 45% of the body weight of hogs, cattle and chickens. Muscular System.

11. Locomotion Circulation Digestion Breathing Muscular System

12. Voluntary - Controlled by thinking part of the brain Involuntary – Automatically controlled by a lower part of the brain Muscular Types

13. Nervous system

14. Made up of nerve tissue that conducts electrical impulses from the brain to the muscles by way of the spinal cord. Nervous Systems

15. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves Memory, actions, and reasoning are in the brain Spinal cord is the main tissue through which the brain sends and receives messages Central Nervous system

16. Contain nerves that are connected to the involuntary muscles and organs Provides for near automatic operation of the organs Autonomic Nervous System

17. Includes all of the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord Muscles action is sent through these nerves by the brain Peripheral nervous system

18. Collect information from the environment The five sensory receptor types are • Sight • Hearing • Touch • Taste • Smell Receptors

19. Circulatory system

20. Moves blood throughout the body. Blood is made of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Circulatory system

21. Plasma – 90% water Glucose, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids (proteins) Red blood cells - contain hemoglobin and are made in the bone marrow White blood cells – help fight off disease Platelets – essential for blood to clot Blood

22. Heart – pump that sends blood throughout the system Arteries – vessels that carry blood from the heart Capillaries – small branches from the arteries that carry blood to the cells Veins – carry blood back to the heart Circulatory system parts

24. Respiratory system

25. Respiratory system moves gases to and from the circulatory system. Respiratory system

26. Internal respiration – exchange of gases between the cells and the blood within the body External respiration – exchanges of gases in the lungs between the blood and the atmosphere Respiratory system cont.

27. Nostrils – openings near mouth through which gases enter and leave the body Pharynx – connects the nose area with the mouth area Larynx – often called a voice box Trachea – wind pipe – connects pharynx with lungs Lungs – gas is exchanged between atmosphere and blood Respiratory system cont.

28. Inspiration – Process of taking air into the lungs Expiration – Process of moving air out of lungs Breathing

29. Excretory System

30. Rids the body of wastes from cell activity • Skin • Kidneys • Ureter • Bladder • Urethra Excretory system

31. Skin - Rids the body of waste through perspiration Kidneys – Filter the blood for wastes from cells and excess water and minerals Ureter – Tube that connects the kidney to the bladder Bladder – stores the urine made by the kidneys Urethra – tube that carries urine out of the body Excretory system

32. Chicken urinary tract No bladder 2 kidneys with ureters to carry the urinary waste to the cloaca. The uric acid is discharged into the cloaca and excreted with the feces. The white pasty material in chicken droppings is considered to be urinary system excretion.

33. Ruminant and non-ruminant Digestive systems

34. Process of breaking down food into molecules that the body can absorb 2 types – Ruminant and Non- Ruminant Digestive Systems

35. Cattle, sheep, and goats Chew their cud Cud - a portion of food that returns from a ruminant's stomach in the mouth to be chewed for the second time Ruminant Animals

36. Horses, hogs, and chickens Do not chew cud Non – ruminant Animals

37. Mouth – Food enters the body by ingestion Esophagus – connects mouth to stomach Food and water moves by swallowing Stomach – one compartment in non-ruminants and 4 compartments in ruminants Small Intestine – absorbs nutrients and water Digestive Systems

38. Large Intestine – absorbs water and makes waste more solid Anus – opening in the body through which the large intestine expels solid waste Digestive systems

39. Rumen – first and largest compartment – stores a large amount of feed • Aids the to help bring feed back to mouth for rechewing • Reticulum – stores food and sorts out foreign materials • Helps prevent hardware disease • Contains bacteria to help break down feed Ruminants

40. Omasum – has strong alls that help break food apart • Abomasum – like a non ruminant stomach • Contains gastric juices that mix with feed and further break it down. RuminANTS

42. Can use large amounts of roughages such at grass, clover and other vegetation Usually do not need large amounts of expensive grain and other concentrated feeds. rUMINANTS

43. Chicken Digestive System Mechanically Chemically

44. Chicken digestive tract Beak Esophagus Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Small Intestine Pancreas Liver Caeca

45. Chicken Digestions Beak – food swallowed with out chewing Salvia contains a starch reducing enzyme that begins to break down food. The oesophagus is a flexible tube that food passes down into the crop.

46. Chicken Digestion Crop – a pouch at the base of the neck that stores food. The esophagus continues past the crop to the proventriculus. In the proventriculus the food is mixed with acids and more digestive enzymes.

47. Chicken Digestion Gizzard– strong muscular tube that has grit to help it grind the food down. Then the food moves into the small intestine. Here enzymes from the pancreas break down the protein. Also, bile from the liver breaks down the fat. Caeca – a pair of tubes that allow fermentation of the undigested food.

48. Caeca – a pair of tubes that allow fermentation of the undigested food. The Large Intestine absorbs water and the last remaining nutrients. Cloaca or vent is where feces, urine and eggs pass.