Convention of Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)

1. EMEPs contribution to a multi-purpose monitoring capasity for atmospheric composition in Europe being compatible with local and global initiatives Conventions and Directives: user requirements Atmospheric Chemistry Applications Workshop, ESTEC, The Netherlands, 20-21. January 2004 Kjetil Tørseth, NILU/EMEP-CCC

2. Convention of Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) • 1972 - 1977, OECD - LRTAP, 1972 - 1980, SNSF • 1979, Convention on LRTAP (entry into force 1983) • 1984, Protocol on Financing of EMEP • 1985, 1st. SO2-protocol (-30%, 1980-1993) • 1988, 1st. NOx-protocol (0%, 1987-1994 (-30%, 12 countries) • 1994, 2nd. SO2-protocol (differensiated reductions based on critical loads and IAM) • 1998, Heavy metals protocol • 1998, POPs protocol • 1999, 1st. Multi protocol; SOx-NOx-VOC (differencated reductions) • CLRTAP -> about 50 Parties • EMEP -> about 40 Parties • Topics addressed by EMEP • Acidification and Eutrophication • Sulphur, Nitrogen, base cations • Photochemical oxidants • Tropospheric ozone, precursors (NOx, VOC) • Heavy metals • Pb, Cd, Hg, +++ • Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) • PAH, PCB, HCB, Chlordane, DDT/DDE... • Particulate matter • PM mass, chemical speciation, physical characterisation

3. UN ECE Convention On Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

4. The EMEP vision; To be the main science based and policy-driven instrument for international cooperation in atmospheric monitoring and modelling activities, emission inventories and projections, and integrated assessment to help solve transboundary air pollution problems in Europe

5. Information fluxes within CLRTAP WGSR Implementation Committee WGE EMEP Assessment of Air Quality trends, transport fluxes Assessment of effects Proposed strategies Emission data Source-receptor relationships Critical load maps CCE CIAM MSC-W MSC-E CCC Transport fluxes Emissions Costs, technologies Monitored data Critical load Stock at risk Scenarios Countries

6. Monthly values – SO4A ”Accumulated time series plot” – SO4A

7. Emitter-receiver calculations (Lead) Transboundary transport, 2001 Depositions from Germany Depositions to Germany MSC-E

8. Intercontinental transport of Hg Annual deposition of Hg in the Northern Hemisphere (without European sources) Relative contribution of external sources to mercury deposition in Europe MSC-E

9. Intercontinental transport of Hg Deposition to Europe Deposition from Europe, t/y MSC-E

11. Critical loads for waters

12. EMEP monitoring strategy, 2004-2009 • Considerations; • Long term operation of atmosperic chemistry monitoring is essential • Process understanding, model development for cost efficient abatement and for documenting changes • Several requirements • Funding, Competence, Ovnership and user involvement, Transparency, Comparability, • Foundation in Conventions or legislation is important to ensure long-term operation • It is in the interest of the Parties that framework monitoring is cost-efficient and have a multi-purpose application • Make of use existing infrastructure and avoid duplication • Integration of scales • Integration of topics • How to make use of ”best science” and new technologies • But at the same time conserve consistency

13. Regional monitoring programmes on atmospheric chemical composition • Various national programmes • European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) • CLRTAP Working Group on Effects (ICP-F, ICP-IM, ICP-V…) • World Meteorological Organisation - Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO-GAW) • Marine Conventions (OSPAR, HELCOM) • Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) • EC AQFD (EiO, EIONET) • UNEP Global POPs network • EANET • Research networks, EUROTRAC, FP4,FP5,FP6 campaigns, CALVAL etc. • Formal links are established with most international organisations

14. The strategy addresses; • EMEPs strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, in relation to its objectives, and the requirements of the CLRTAP • How can EMEP contribute to a monitoring capacity for other purposes • The need to establish more formal monitoring requirements for those participating in order to improve the compliance

15. Network density Reflect phenomenon of interest Resolve geographical gradients Correspond with model resolution users request higher resolution ”All” Parties should participate Lower density at level 2 and level 3 Key elements in the new strategy Requirements with respect to site location, representativity, network density parameters to be requested temporal resolution methods to be used new opportunities Describes the various topics, current status and monitoring requirements Level 1 requirements Proposal for level 2 Level 3 activities required Financial constraints Parameters required to adequately understand... having an effect Precursors, indirectly influencing,.. Use other data where existing and relevant New substances Temporal resolution Correspond with model resolution Correspond with relevant processes Allow the study air mass origin Data quality New use; intercont., EO, data assimilation...

17. Status • EMEP has widened its scope without associated funding being provided • Many Parties have expressed their strong support in introducing formal requirements • Most countries perform monitoring in excess of EMEP requirements • Development of (joint) supersites is in good progress • Concern by some parties that their EMEP budgets are limited and strategic discussion nationally on how to put priority between requirements from different frameworks/Conventions seem difficult

18. Large part of the EMEP domaign has insufficient site/parameter density • (South, East, aerosol data, gas-particle resolved chemistry, flux data) • Currently we see a large increase in monitoring efforts made across Europe, but the EMEP programme generally receives reduced resources nationally EMEP ozone sites EMEP VOC sites

19. Mandatory for all Parties PM2,5 15-25 sites across Europe (regional collaboration)

20. Voluntary (also non-EMEP)