Migration

1. Migration

2. Migration Terms • Immigration vs. Migration • Emigration vs. Immigration • Internal vs. International • Voluntary vs. Involuntary • Legal vs. Illegal and… • Documented vs. Undocumented • Chain Migration: movement that follows family or friends (legal or illegal)

3. Historic Migrations(Pre-20th Century) • The Migration Period 300-700 A.D. • Roma 400+ ? • Jews 1100+ • Serbs 1400-1800 • Many, many others … • Reasons? • Wars • Social Pressure: Persecution, Restriction • Empires

4. Immigration to the U.S. by Region of Origin major wave • Why? From Where? • Germany / Austria-Hungary • 1871: “2nd Reich” • WWI and WWII • Russia / USSR • Ethnic / Religious Persecution • Lack of Opportunity (peasantry) • Russian Revolution / Instability • Socialism

5. Four Major Waves of Emigration(~20th Century) Push Factor pre-WWI / Revolution Socialism / pre-WWII Post-WWII / Stalinism Ability to Leave / Economics Era • 1880s-1914 • 1920-1939 • 1945-1955 • 1989 / 1991 + Pull Factors:Survival, Freedom, Opportunity = U.S.A.(Western Europe, Israel, too)

7. 1795 Polish Immigration to U.S. (1900-1930) • 9.3% of Wisconsinites are of Polish descent (largest % of any state) • WI has the 6th highest Polish-descent population (Illinois #2) • Chicago is “2nd Largest Polish city in the World” (Warsaw) ? 1871 Today

8. Game:Name the Pole • Martha Stewart • Pope John Paul II • Meyer Lansky • Jon Stewart • Max Factor, Sr. • Natalie Portman • Elisabeth Hasselbeck • The Warner Bros • Martha Kostyra • Karol Wojtyla • Meyer Suchowljansky • JohnathanLeibowitz • MaksymilianFaktorowicz • Natalie Hershlag • Elisabeth Filarski • Hirsz, Aaron, Szmul, and ItzhakWonskolaser

9. Others with Eastern European Origins • (Vładziu Valentino) Liberace Polish • Peter Lorre (LászlóLöwenstein) Hungary • Alex TrebekUkrainian • Bob Dylan (Zimmerman) Lith, Russian, Kyrgyz, Turkish • Jerry Seinfeld Hungarian, Turk • Chiam(Gene Simmons) Witz Hungarian • Joan Rivers (Molinsky) Russian • Bugsy (Benjamin) Siegel(baum) Russian • Woody Allen (Allan Konigsberg) Russian • Larry (Louis Feinberg), Curly (Jerome) Russian • and Moe (MosesHorwitz) Lithuanian • Estée(Josephine Esther Mentzer) Lauder Hungarian / Czech • MarishkaHargitay Hungarian

10. Q:Why is it that, proportionally speaking, there are relatively few people of Russian ancestry in the United States?

11. Russification • Hard-line Enforcement • One language, one religion, one ethnicity • Persecution of Jews, Roma, etc. • Even started banning Jews from settling / living in the Pale • No ethnic Russians allowed to leave, but… • Jews, Poles, “others” encouraged to leave: • Belarusians, Lithuanians, Armenians, etc. • Start of Eastern European / USSR non-Russian migration to U.S. Tsar Alexander III (1881-1894)

12. Reasons for Migration: 20th Century • Social Pressures • Industrialization and Agricultural Projects (Internal) • Planned Cities • Primate Cities • Agricultural Campaigns (e.g. “Virgin Lands”) and Collectivization

13. Social Pressures • Russian Revolution • Early ‘20s: Virtually all emigration prohibited • Poland = New Pale • WWI & WWII • ‘000’sIDP’s(Internally Displaced Persons) • IDP vs. Refugee vs. Illegal Immigrant • Forced vs. Involuntary w / legal OK vs. Illegal • Most not allowed to return to Russia / USSR (viewed as traitors)

14. “Monocities” • Stalinization = Industrialization • Industrialization = Planned Cities COUNTRY CITY PRODUCT YEAR Belarus Novopolosk Petrochemicals 1958 Belarus Salihorsk Plastics 1958 Hungary Dunaújváros Metalworking 1951 Hungary Tiszaújváros Chemicals 1955 Lithuania ElektrėnaiPowerplant 1961 Poland NowaHuta Steel 1949 Romania Victoria Ironworks 1949 Russia Magnitogorsk Steel 1930 Ukraine Pripyat Housing: Nukes 1970 Ukraine Slavutych(Chernobyl Cleanup)1986 And many, many more…

15. Monocities Construction • Three Phases of Construction: • Factories, housing, power station, railway • More housing, businesses • Schools, Community Center, Miscellaneous • Heavily Industrialized (steel, coal, chemicals, power): Dirty!! • Built from scratch or where small town was • Could be based on other cities (i.e. Pittsburgh) • Often included: • Living quarters for nearby factory (perhaps the first “bedroom communities?”) • Large, monolithic housing blocks • Factories • Man-made lake / reservoir • Railway NowaHuta

16. NowaHuta (Krakow), Poland

20. Planned city: 1955 • Called Leninsk until 1995 • Home of BaikonurCosmodrome • “Leased” by Russia until 2050 • Jointly managed Baikonur, Kazakhstan

21. …and don’t forget about Laika!

22. The first living creature in space! (11/3/57)

23. Agricultural Migration • Collectivization (1929-1933): • Land owners lost private land: Collectivization • - Collective Farm:smaller farms • - State Farm:larger farms • Land owners ($$$): Blamed by Stalin • Holodomor: • Ukrainian Genocide (1932-33) • - All food removed from Ukraine • - No food / money / trade / emigration allowed • - By 1933: from 1.5m - 10m deaths • - Over ¼ of the Ukrainian population died

24. Rate of Population Decline

25. The Irony

26. USSR / Russia: Net Out-Migration1985-2001 in ‘000s • Most migration prior to 1991: Internal: by law International: illegal

27. Rule Changes in Migration:Transition from Old to New OLD NEW No Out-Migration MuchOut-Migration Non-Russians out Non-Russians in Fled to Israel, US, W Europe Head to Israel, US, W Europe No policy Still no policy! Internal Passports International Passports Citizenship: Russians only! Citizenship: for all ex-USSR Educated stayed in USSR “Brain Drain” Little ethnic conflict Much ethnic conflict Little crime export Human / organ trafficking, Russian mafia, drugs, etc.

28. **No more gender equality like during Communism** • Women: usually fired first, hired last, underpaid • Excuses to not hire women: • No more day care, too complicated • Maternity leave • Jobs are not deemed “vital” for women • Women: 60%-90% of the unemployed in various regions: cities planned for “women’s work” (textiles, accounting, health) • After Communism ended, many areas of high female concentrations remained…and no work • Gov’t less concerned about women’s unemployment • No laws to protect workplace / hiring discrimination • Many women never get paid or paid up to 70% less Sex Industry in Eastern Europe

29. SENDING COUNTRIES • Russia • Ukraine • Moldova • Accounts for ~90%! • RECENT SENDERS • Albania • Lithuania • Romania • Belarus • Stans • RECEIVING REGIONS • Western Europe: • Belgium • Cyprus • Germany • Greece • Italy • Netherlands • Turkey • U.K. • Middle East • Israel • Saudi Arabia • United States • Japan Geography of the Sex Industry

30. Map of Global Human Trafficking

31. The Tier System: Degree of Compliance in Enforcing Trafficking Victims Protection Acts (TPVAs)

32. Bogus employment agency run by local Mafia advertising opportunities for women to get ahead: • Work / study abroad (U.S., Western Europe) • At famous resort or fancy restaurant • Au Pair employment • Passports / ID, money taken upon arrival • Women beaten, forced to work off “placement fee” • Rarely, if ever, can victims buy their freedom • ~70-90% of Russian women who seek work abroad wind up in the sex industry • ~70% of the slaveowners / “pimps” are women • Few laws, weak enforcement How the System Works Sources: National Institute of Justice United Nations Coalition Against Trafficking of Women Trade Environment Database

33. Net Migration of Eastern Europe / Eurasia • Out of Stans / Transcaucasia into Russia • Out of Eastern Europe into EU Europe • Out of Eastern EU into Western EU

34. European Union

35. And now, introducing your newest EU member: July 1, 2013: Croatia

36. Impact of the EU

37. Schengen Area • Schengen Agreement means no passports required for member states • Therefore, no passport checking • 26 countries

39. In Summary… • Democracy / free market economies have led to many changes in migration patterns: Economic Opportunities • MUCHmore international migration • Rural to Urban, E-W, S-N • Similar immigration issues to what we have in U.S. (illegals, ag workers, etc.) • “Immigration” control, however, is certainly not what it used to be under Communism.