Human Body Systems

1. Human Body Systems Taylor Science 2013-2014

2. Integumentary System • Structures: Skin, hair, fingernails, toenails • Functions: Protection, temperature regulation, absorption, secretion, and insulation.

3. Skeletal System • Structures: Bones, ligaments, cartilage • Bone anatomy • Compact bone –hard and strong exterior of bone • Spongy bone- porous and lightweight interior of bone • Marrow- found inside bones; creates new blood cells • Ligaments connect bone to bone • Joints are where bones meet, can be moveable or immovable • Cartilage acts as shock absorbers where bones meet • Functions: protects internal organs, provides structure and shape, support for movement, makes red and white blood cells, stores calcium and minerals.

4. Muscular System • Structures: Voluntary and Involuntary muscles, Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, skeletal muscles, tendons • Voluntary muscles are controlled by you • Involuntary muscles work without any help from you • Smooth muscles line blood vessels and organs • Cardiac muscles are found in the heart • Skeletal muscle attach to bones to produce movement • Tendons connect muscles to bones • Functions: Heart and organ function, movement, temperature regulation (shivers)

5. Digestive System • Structures: Mouth, teeth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, gall bladder, pancreas, liver • Mouth – to chew and grind up food – saliva begins the chemical breakdown • Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach • Stomach – secretes a strong acid that leads to breakdown of food • Pancreas – produces the hormone insulin that regulates blood sugar levels • Liver – produces bile, which breaks down fats in foods • Gallbladder – pouch-like organ that stores bile for future use • Small Intestine – remove nutrients from food is absorbed into the bloodstream • Large Intestine – removes water from the food and gets the waste ready for excretion • Functions: Breakdown food into usable energy and nutrients for the body.

6. Excretory System • Structures: • Skin- excretes waste and toxins • Kidneys- filter waste from blood (liquid) • Lungs- rid body of carbon dioxide (gas) • Large intestines- rid body of solid waste (solid) • Functions: rids the body of solid, liquid, and gas waste

7. Respiratory System • Structures: • Nose and mouth –entry and exit point for air • Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat • Larynx – your “voice box” as air passes over your vocal chords, you speak • Trachea – the “windpipe” or what connects your pharynx to your lungs -- a piece of skin, called the epiglottis, covers the trachea when you swallow, preventing food from entering • Bronchi – the two large passageways that lead from the trachea to your lungs (one for each lung) • The diaphragm is the muscle that causes you to breath • Functions: provides oxygen to our bodies while removing carbon dioxide

8. Cardiovascular System • Structures: Heart, veins, arteries, capillaries, spleen, blood • Heart pumps blood throughout body • Veins bring oxygen poor blood to the heart • Arteries bring oxygen rich blood to the body, away from the heart • Capillaries are the smallest blood vessel and are found throughout the body • Spleen helps filter toxins from the blood • Blood- • Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide • White blood cells fight off infection • Plasma is the liquid part of the blood that carries it through blood vessels (made in liver) • Platelets helps blood clot • Functions: transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste in and out of our body

9. Immune System • Function- The body’s defense against disease causing organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles • Structures- • First Line of Defense • Skin, Mucus, Cilia- block or slow entry into body • Saliva and Stomach acid kill bacteria • Second Line of Defense • White Blood Cells – recognizes and remove disease agents (antigens) • T-cells- find and kill infected or cancerous cells • Interferon- released by infected cells to protect healthy surrounding cells • Inflammatory Response- injured cells release histamine • Third Line of Defense • Antibodies - produced by B-cells, released when infections make it past the first and second lines of defense

10. Nervous System • Structures: Brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and nerves • Brain- the bodies control center • Spinal Cord- carries messages from the brain to the body and back • Nerves- conduct impulses to muscles throughout body • Functions: senses and processes information, communicates and coordinates the body

11. Endocrine System • Functions- to control growth, development, metabolism and reproduction through the production and secretion of hormones • Structures- various glands that release message sending hormones into the body • hypothalamus • pituitary gland • thyroid • parathyroid • adrenal glands • pancreas • testes • ovaries