Human Body Systems

1. Human Body Systems

2. Respiratory System • Function: • Breathing brings air into the lungs and removes waste gases • Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose to carbon dioxide, water and energy

3. Respiratory system • Upper and Lower respiratory tracts

4. Fact • The surface area of the aveoli in your lungs is @ 70 square meters, or about the same as three lanes of a bowling alley.

5. Diseases of respiratory system • Lung Cancer -3rd leading cause of death in men and women in the U.S. • Emphysema ( causes aveoli to enlarge) • Asthma (lung disorder)

6. Cardiovascular System • Coronary circulation is the flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart. • Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood through the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart. • Oxygen rich blood is moved to all tissues and organs of the body and is called systemic circulation.

7. Organs of the circulatory system • Heart • Veins • Arteries • Capillaries

8. Heart • Made of cardiac muscle tissue • Has 4 compartments called chambers: two upper are atriums, two lower are ventricles. • Heart has arteries just and veins just like any other muscle

9. Fact • Your heart beats 60-70 times per minute. Each time it pumps 60 mL of blood. How many mL’s in 24 hours. • 5184000 mL’s or • 5184 liter bottles.

10. Heart • When these arteries are blocked, it starves the heart of oxygen and nutrients, resulting in a heart attack

11. Veins • Veins carry blood back to the heart. • Veins have valves • 2 major veins carry return blood from your body to your heart: the superior vena cava returns blood from your head and the inferior vena cava from your lower body

12. Arteries • Carry blood away from your heart • Have thick, elastic walls made of tissue and smooth muscle

13. Capillaries • Microscopic blood vessels. • Walls are only one cell thick • Bloodshot eyes • Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from body cells into capillaries

14. Blood pressure • The force of the blood against the walls of your blood vessels. • Measured in two numbers: • Systolic is the first number and measures your heart pumping. • Diastolic is the second number and measures pressure that occurs as the ventricles fill with blood before they contract again.

15. Atherosclerosis • Fatty deposits build up on arterial walls. Eating fatty foods high in cholesterol and saturated fats can cause these deposits to form. • Not all cholesterol is bad, and is essential for health.

16. Blood • Carries oxygen from lungs to body • Takes carbon dioxide away • Carries waste products to kidneys • Transports nutrients • Cells in blood fight infections

17. Blood • Made up of plasma (55%), mostly water. • Platelets ;help with clotting • Red blood cells: made at rate of 2-3 million per second. • White: help fight bacteria, viruses, etc

18. Blood Types • 4 types • A, B, AB, O • Types A, B, AB have antigens coating their surface. Rh factor • Wrong type of blood will kill you • Type “O” is universal

19. Diseases of the Blood • Sickle-cell anemia • Anemia is a disease of the red blood cells • Leukemia produces immature white blood cells that don’t fight infections

20. Fact • First blood transfusion was in early 1800”s. • French physician Jean Baptiste Denis successfully used sheep’s blood. His second patient died.

21. Lymphatic System • Fluid is collected and returned from the body tissues to the blood by the lymphatic system • No heart-like structure • Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell • Tonsils, thymus and spleen are part of system

22. Excretory System • Includes many systems such as digestive, respiratory, skin and urinary system. • Each gets rid of waste in its own way.

23. Digestive System • Food and liquid in • Water and undigested food out

24. Respiratory System • Part of excretory system • Oxygen in • Carbon dioxide and water out.

25. Skin • Part of excretory system • Salt and some organic substances out

26. Urinary System • Water and salts in • Excess water, metabolic wastes and salts out. • Controls blood volume ( blood pressure) • Works in conjunction with hypothalmus to balance fluid levels in blood

27. Organs of Urinary System • Kidneys are bean shaped organs • Located at back of abdomen at @ waist level • Kidney filters blood of waste products, creates waste product called urine

28. Kidneys • All of your blood is filtered through your kidneys in about 5 minutes. • Connected to bladder through two ducts called ureters • Drains urine into your bladder

29. Bladder • Bladder is where urine is held until you release it. • Bladder is an elastic, muscular organ that can stretch to hold .5 liter of urine. • Avg. human produces @ 1 liter of urine daily

30. Diseases of the Urinary System • A person can live normally with one kidney • If both kidneys fail, a person must use a dialysis machine to filter wastes out of the blood; or else you would die.

31. Skeletal System • Skeletal system • Function: • Shape and support • Produces red blood cells • Stores minerals • Protect organs and soft tissue • At birth you 300 bones • As an adult 206 bones

32. Muscular System • Over 600 muscles in your body • Control movement • Voluntary muscles: you choose to move them • Involuntary: heart

33. Muscles • 3 types • Skeletal: attached to bones to help you move • Cardiac: heart • Smooth: intestines, bladder, blood vessels, internal organs

34. Nervous System • Responds to stimuli to maintain homeostasis • Central nervous is your brain and spinal cord. • Peripheral nervous system is all the nerves other than the CNS

35. Brain • Three main parts: • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Brain stem • You also have a left and right half

36. Brain • Your brain contains @ 100 billion neurons • Cerebrum: interprets input from senses • Controls movement • Responsible for learning and memory

37. Brain • Cerebellum • Responsible for coordinating your muscles and balance • Keeps you from falling down when you walk

38. Brain • Brain stem • Controls involuntary actions such as breathing and heartbeat

39. Endocrine System • Endocrine system produces chemicals that control many of the body’s daily activities as well as long term changes such as growth and development

40. Endocrine • Endocrine system made up of glands • Glands produce hormones • Hormones are chemicals that turn off, turn on or speed up, slow down the activities of organs and tissues

41. Endocrine • Each gland produces a different hormone responsible for a different task. Adrenal glands produce adrenaline • Testes produce testosterone • Ovaries produce estrogen

42. Immune System • Body has 3 lines of defense: skin, breathing passages, mouth and stomach. • Pathogens land on skin and most are destroyed by chemicals in oil and sweat.

43. Immune • Pathogens get through skin usually only when there is break in skin: a scab quickly forms to protect pathway.

44. Immune • Breathing: pathogens enter but are trapped and destroyed by mucus layer. Cilia in nose move accumulated material out.

45. Immune • Pathogens found in food are destroyed first by saliva, and then by powerful acids in stomach

46. “T” Cells & “B”Cells • T- cells identify pathogens by identifying a chemical marker on the pathogen called an antigen • Some T cells attack pathogen; others activate B cells.

47. Immune • B-cells are called lymphocytes and produce proteins called antibodies. When antibodies bind to the antigens on a pathogen, they mark it for destruction by phagocytes.

48. Reproductive System • Sexual reproduction involves the production of eggs by the female and sperm by the male, which join together during fertilization. • Each sex cell (egg or sperm) contains half (23) of the chromosomes required. (46 for humans)