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Transportasi lintas membran Reproduksi Sel

Transportasi lintas membran Reproduksi Sel. Dr. Alfiah Hayati Biologi, Unair. The Cell Membrane. MEMBRAN SEL. * STRUKTUR : -LIPID (LEMAK) -PROTEIN -KARBOHIDRAT * FUNGSI : -BATAS PEMISAH -PELINDUNG/SELUBUNG -LALULINTAS MOLEKUL (PERMEABEL SELEKTIF. Struktur membran.

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Transportasi lintas membran Reproduksi Sel

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  1. Transportasi lintas membran Reproduksi Sel Dr. Alfiah Hayati Biologi, Unair

  2. The Cell Membrane

  3. MEMBRAN SEL * STRUKTUR : -LIPID (LEMAK) -PROTEIN -KARBOHIDRAT * FUNGSI : -BATAS PEMISAH -PELINDUNG/SELUBUNG -LALULINTAS MOLEKUL (PERMEABEL SELEKTIF

  4. Struktur membran • Danielli dan Davson (1930-1940) : triglyceride lipid bilayers (permukaan yang berhadapan dengan air) • Robertson (1950) : electron micrographs

  5. Membran Sel -Bilayer lipid -Lipid bersifat AMFIPATIK dengan kepala polar HIDROFILIK yang menghadap ke luar dan ekor HIDROFOBIK menghadap ke dalam -Portein (hidrofilik) terbenam dalam bilayer lipid (protein transmembran) dan dipermukaan bilayer lipid (protein perifer) model mosaik fluida

  6. FLUIDA MEMBRAN • Gerakan fosfolipid di permukaan membran (a) • Fluida membran menurun  banyak asam lemak tidak jenuh (bag. Ekor)(b.1) • Fluida membran meningkat  asam lemak jenuh (b.2) dan kolesterol (c)

  7. SISI MEMBRAN : -Bag. Luar dan dalam -Distribusi lipid, protein dan karbohidrat  asimetris -karbohidrat  oligosakarida -berikatan dengan lipid  glikolipid -berikatan dengan protein  glikoprotein

  8. TRANSPOT MEMBRAN SEL Gula, asam amino, nutrien, O2, CO2 dan mineral : Na, K, Ca, Cl CO, CO2, O2, air dan etanol -Permeabel selektif -Permeabel bilayer lipid -Protein transpot, bersifat hidrofilik a. selektif b. ATP c. enzimatik d. transduksi sinyal (reseptor) Gula

  9. Selektif - ATP Enzimatik Transduksi sinyal Protein transpot Difusi dipermudah oleh protein spesifik

  10. Transport Pasif

  11. Transpot pasif : Proses osmosis Difusi : perpindahan zat pekat ke kurang pekat Osmosis : difusi zat melalui membran permeabel selektif Proses difusi

  12. KESEIMBANGAN TRANSPORTASI AIR (osmoregulasi) -Pada sel tanpa dinding -Pada sel berdinding Isotonik Hipotonik hipertonik

  13. Transport Aktif

  14. Transpot aktif : zat terlarut melawan gradien konsentrasi rendah ke tinggi ATP

  15. PERBANDINGAN : TRANSPOT PASIF - AKTIF

  16. Fagositosis Pinositosis Endositosis(reseptor) EKSOSITOSIS & ENDOSITOSIS Eksositosis : sekresi materi dengan cara menggabungkan vesikula dengan membran Endositosis : masuknya materi dlm sel dengan cara menggabungkan vesikula dengan membran sel

  17. Endocytosis and exocytosis

  18. Water relations and cell shape in blood cells

  19. Water relations in a plant cell

  20. REPRODUKSI SEL

  21. Reproduksi protista berbeda dengan sel hewan lainnya Jamur → spora Tanaman → biji Hewan → telur Protista → sel tunggal Sel anak → mempunyai membran, sitoplasma dan inti Inti mengandung DNA yang identik

  22. Salah satu protista adalah amoeba Amoebas → sangat tipis, membran sel fleksibel Bergerak dengan menjulurkan sitoplasma keluar membran dan membentuk pseudopods ("false feet") Di dalam sel terdapat ruang sbg organ percernaan

  23. REPRODUKSI SEL • MITOSIS → sel somatik • MEIOSIS → sel seks atau gamet (spermatozoa dan ovum)

  24. MITOSIS Interfase Metafase Anafase Profase Telofase • Terjadi sintesis protein; kromatin dan inti nampak jelas; replikasi DNA • Kromatin tebal → kromosom; membran inti melebur; sentriol bergerak pada sisi yang berlawanan dan serabut spindel mulai terbentuk • Kromosom yang dihubungkan spindel ada di tengah • Kromosom memisah menuju ke kutub yang berlawanan • Kromosom kembali berbentuk kromatin; speindel melebur; membran inti nampak; sentriol replikasi; terbentuk membran sel baru

  25. Cell ReproductionInterphase (before Mitosis) Early Prophase Prophase Late Prophase Transition to Metaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

  26. PROPHASE I • SYNAPSIS - the pairing and bonding together of homologous chromosomes to form tetrads • Homologous chromosomes consist of one maternal and one paternal chromosome

  27. PROPHASE I CROSSING-OVER: • Exchange of chromatid segments within tetrads to produce new allele combinations • Nonsisters cross over, break, and rejoin • Increases genetic variety VIEW OF NUCLEUS AND TETRADS

  28. CROSSING -OVER • Notice the exchange of segments that has happened in two places on the larger homologous pair • This is crossing over

  29. METAPHASE I • Tetrads line up in the middle of the cell in a straight line at equator • Spindle fibers attach to only 1 kinetochore of each centromere

  30. ANAPHASE I • Tetrads are separated as homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell • (Remember: the chromosomes are still actually sister chromatids)

  31. TELOPHASE I • Cytokinesis may occur and two HAPLOID cells containing sister chromatids are produced • A brief period of interkinesis occurs

  32. INTERKINESIS A short interphase like stage between divisions TELOPHASE I PROPHASE II

  33. Fase I Fase II MEIOSIS SEPARATES SISTER CHROMATIDS

  34. PROPHASE II • Nuclear membranes disappear • Nucleoli disappear • Spindle fibers form • Chromatin coils to form chromosomes • What does this remind you of ? • Prophase II is basically the same as mitosis prophase x 2

  35. METAPHASE II • In metaphase II the two cells line up their chromosomes in the middle of the cell in a straight line at equator • Again this is the same as mitosis metaphase - only two cells are doing it • Each cell is doing it with only 1 chromosome of each kind, not pairs

  36. ANAPHASE II • During this phase the centromeres of the chromosomes in the two cells divide and sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cells • Very mitosis-like again

  37. TELOPHASE II • Final act of meiosis • Nuclear membranes reappear • Nucleoli reappear • Chromosomes uncoil to chromatin • Spindle fibers disappear • Cytokinesis occurs to produce a total of 4 haploid cells (N)

  38. Meiosis : Summary of reduction division

  39. Phases of spermatogenesis (i.e., meiosis in males)

  40. TERIMA KASIH

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