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HUMAN ANATOMY - 7

HUMAN ANATOMY - 7. Lymphatic system. Respiratory system. Lymphatic system (p.808, fig.21.1). It is the network of vessels , penetrat ing all tissues , and a collection of tissues and organs , produc ing immune cells . Its activity provides body with:

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HUMAN ANATOMY - 7

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  1. HUMAN ANATOMY - 7 Lymphatic system. Respiratory system.

  2. Lymphatic system (p.808, fig.21.1) • It is the network of vessels,penetratingall tissues, anda collection of tissues and organs, producing immunecells. • Its activity provides body with: • fluid recovery (15% of lost fluid is returned to circ) • immunity (cleans foreign bodies within recovered fluid) • absorbtion of dietary lipids (which can’t be done by capillars)

  3. Components of lymphatic system • lymph, the recovered fluid; • lymphatic vessels, which transportthe lymph; • lymphaticcells, i.e. lymphocytes and macrophages; • lymphatic organs, in which these cellsare especially concentrated (bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils & spleen)

  4. Reactions of immune system • Allergy – excessive harmful reaction to antigens • Autoimmune disease – failure to distinguish between self & foreing subject • Immunodeficiency disease – failure to respond vigorously to foriegn subject • Neuroimmunology (p. 848) is the new growing branch of immunology)

  5. Respiratory system (p.856, fig.22.1) • Why do we breath? • Any our activity requires energy, i.e. ATP, and most ATP synthesis requires oxygen and generatescarbon dioxide—thus driving breathing • The respiratory system consistsof tubes (i.e. airways),that deliver air to the lungs alveols (i.e. special sacs) , where oxygendiffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

  6. Anatomy of upper respiratory tract (p.858, fig.22.3) • Nose • Warms, cleans & humidifies inhaled air • Detects odors • Works as voice resonator • Pharynx – muscular funnel, extending from nose to lalynx. Consisit of 3 parts. • Larynx – a compartment, made of series of cartilages, place where voice is produced.

  7. Lower respiratory tract (p.861, fig.22.3) • Trachea – rigid tube, made of series of C-shaped cartilages • Bronchial tree is divided into 65000 terminal bronchioles. The latter is lack of supportive cartilage, are muscular and are 1mm in diameter. • Alveoli (p.865, fig.22.12) – grapes-resembling sacs, where O2 –CO2 exchange occurs

  8. The process of respiration • Respiratory muscles (p.867, fig.22.13) • Major respiratory muscles • External respiratory • Diaphragm • Synergist muscles of respiration • abdominal muscles • neck muscles • internal intercostal muscles

  9. The respiratory cycle (p.873, fig.22.16) • Inspiration (always is active process) • Expiration (is passive under normal conditions, but in forced expiration occurs with participation of muscles, so is active) • Internal & external breathing (p.880, fig.22.20)

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