Education History then Policy

1. Education History then Policy

2. 1600-1700's Religious Instruction 1700's State Constitutions Established Sparse Schools 1787 Northwest Ordinance 1800's More formal, Less under local control Socialize Children Land-Grant & State College System • 1900's • Racial/Class Equality Efforts • Gvt-University-Private Partnerships • School Quality Debate • Current Issues • Religion and Schools • Inequalities • School Quality

3. Early Schools and Religion • Protestant founders of the early Colonies stressed the importance of all persons being able to read the bible. • Early schools were established primarily to teach religion • Church-State Partnerships were common + • This official motto, adopted by the university in 1692, was consistent with Harvard’s original vision for its educational purpose. Among the “Rules and Precepts” of 1646 was the following: • Let every Student be plainly instructed, and earnestly pressed to consider well, the maine end of his life and studies is, to know God and Jesus Christ which is eternal life (John 17:3) and therefore to lay Christ in the bottome, as the only foundation of all sound knowledge and Learning. And seeing the Lord only giveth wisedome, Let every one seriously set himself by prayer in secret to seeke it of him (Prov. 2:3). http://www.markdroberts.com/htmfiles/resources/harvardironies.htm The whole motto translated into English read: “Truth . . . for Christ and the church.” http://www.markdroberts.com/htmfiles/resources/harvardironies.htm http://www.markdroberts.com/htmfiles/resources/harvardironies.htm (Source: Rahm 2004)

4. 1787 Northwest Ordinance • Federal Government Required that one section of land in each township be set aside for the support of education. + Made Education a Part of Westward Expansion - It also prohibited slavery in the expansion area setting a power balance dynamic up of the north vs south that would erupt in the 1860s http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance (Source: Rahm 2004)

5. (Source: Rahm 2004) Immigrant Assimilation • Schools: Seen as providing the necessary tools for personal achievement. Leveling Playing Fields Socialization Messages in Primary Schools, 2001 • Also Created a Unified American Citizenry that: • spoke the same language • read the same literature • knew the same history • honored the same heroes • respected the same norms http://www.jstor.org/view/00380407/di020079/02p0117i/5?frame=noframe&userID=c0e77c0c@lemoyne.edu/01cc99332800501af632c&dpi=3&config=jstor

6. Functionalist View Compulsory Education Does 2 Things Transmitting Culture • --transmits the dominant culture, exposing young people to the existing beliefs, norms, and values of their culture. • Promoting Social and Political Integration • --Education transforms a diverse population into a society whose members share a common identity. + http://www.ailf.org/exhibit/ex_caricature.htm Source: Schaefer 2004

7. Functionalist View http://www.ailf.org/exhibit/ex_caricature.htm

8. Land-Grant And State College System • Morrill Acts (1862, 1890) • federal lands given to each state for establishment of colleges • Mission: teach agriculture and the mechanic arts • emphasis on pragmatics, (not classics as taught at private universities) • 1887 Hatch Act- funding based on # of farmers in state • 1914 Smith-Lever Act- Cooperative Extension Service - disseminate research to agricultural stations • Also make higher education more widely available ??? (Source: Rahm 2004) http://www.suny.edu/student/campuses_map.cfm

9. Post Standard Tuesday July 8, 2003 A-8

10. Back From Burtless 2006. Income supports for Workers. in Holzer and Nightengale 2006. Reshaping the American Workforce in a Changing Economy. P.239-271

11. Government-University-Private Partnership • Morrill’s Mission of Research, Teaching, and Extension (Service/fiduciary responsibility) modified. • Farm population Dropped • Private Sector Shift from Farming to Industry • R&D for military, international industry competitiveness (Commercialization of Research) • Fiduciary--> Financial incentive http://www.suny.edu/student/campuses_map.cfm (Source: Rahm 2004)

12. Who Is An ERISA Fiduciary? • A fiduciary is an party who holds assets and can make decisions for another party with regards to financial matters. The fiduciary role is an extremely important one for any retirement plan and is well defined under ERISA . http://www.erisalawfirm.com/faq/definition_of_a_fiduciary.asp

13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson Race and Class Inequality • 1896 Plessy v. Fergueson • (separate but equal trains ~ schools is OK) • 1954 Brown v Board of Ed. • (separate but equal is unequal) • 1971 Busing • 1960’s Affirmative Action, • 1978 Univ. Calif v. Bakke • 2003 Univ Michigan Educational separation in the US prior to Brown http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education (Source: Rahm 2004)

14. Conflict Perspective • Education as an instrument of elite • domination. • Schools seen as reinforcing • existing social class inequality. • Convincing subordinate • groups of their inferiority.+ • Schools as a Contested Site http://cnyvitals.org/onondaga/education/grade-8-mathematics-scores http://www.google.com/imgres?q=we+don%27t+need+no+education&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1280&bih=631&tbm=isch&tbnid=sopHVYjRy123UM:&imgrefurl=http://www.demotivationalposters.org/we-dont-need-no-education-we-don-t-need-no-education-double-demotivational-posters-95933.html&docid=Z5Vcp3p17ymvbM&imgurl=http://www.demotivationalposters.org/image/demotivational-poster/1003/we-dont-need-no-education-we-don-t-need-no-education-double-demotivational-poster-1269683302.jpg&w=640&h=388&ei=5p6yToWBDOf40gGKgrnNBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=315&vpy=154&dur=156&hovh=175&hovw=288&tx=187&ty=137&sig=116910733075290489952&page=1&tbnh=100&tbnw=165&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=we+don%27t+need+no+education&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1280&bih=631&tbm=isch&tbnid=wJw7V1awdZ_Z5M:&imgrefurl=http://justwilliam1959.wordpress.com/2010/12/14/we-dont-need-no-education-we-dont-need-no-thought-control/&docid=DjzxvV72Domu_M&imgurl=http://justwilliam1959.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/brick-in-the-wall.jpg&w=352&h=240&ei=5p6yToWBDOf40gGKgrnNBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=651&vpy=295&dur=312&hovh=185&hovw=272&tx=152&ty=86&sig=116910733075290489952&page=1&tbnh=140&tbnw=188&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=we+don%27t+need+no+education&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1280&bih=631&tbm=isch&tbnid=wDUWhfTiEBczRM:&imgrefurl=http://workingthejob.blogspot.com/2010/11/we-dont-need-no-education.html&docid=VUCA4bMDDbxqHM&imgurl=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_1-31eyeTik0/TOiEtGR1OdI/AAAAAAAAACM/Hk2gnm1ugmo/s1600/Brick2-4.JPG&w=1280&h=720&ei=5p6yToWBDOf40gGKgrnNBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=428&vpy=303&dur=2075&hovh=168&hovw=300&tx=171&ty=72&sig=116910733075290489952&page=1&tbnh=140&tbnw=206&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0 Source: Schaefer 2004 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=schools+conflict+perspective+oppression&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=631&tbm=isch&tbnid=mN2GWU3PutHomM:&imgrefurl=http://www.gonzotimes.com/2011/08/being-an-anarchist-in-a-catholic-school/&docid=INLWrjkEb5uh4M&imgurl=http://www.gonzotimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/pedagogy_of_the_oppressed1.jpg&w=300&h=286&ei=TJ6yTpyLI6f00gHUnuHCBA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=312&sig=116910733075290489952&page=4&tbnh=127&tbnw=133&start=65&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:65&tx=58&ty=25

15. Religion and Schools http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/01/28/limiting-free-speech-14-religious-education-in-public-schools/ • 1947 Everson v. Board of Ed (could use tax $ to bus to Parochial Schools) • 1962 Engle v. Vitale (non-denominational prayer violates separation of church & state) • 2002 Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (Vouchers to Parochial Schools constitutional) • Creationism v Evolution http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/01/28/limiting-free-speech-14-religious-education-in-public-schools/ (Source: Rahm 2004)

16. Le Moyne has the Roper database through Lexis-Nexis. • http://www.lemoyne.edu/library/resources/titles/public_opinion_online.htm • The library has a Feb & March trial version of the Gallup Brain: the Gallup Poll's online product. • The direct URL is http://www.lemoyne.edu/library/resources/titles/gallup_brain.htm

17. School Quality Debate • Baker Article • US HS since inception in early 1900’s both a blessing a bane. • How do you personally think of US high schools? • Continue from here…. (Source: Rahm 2004)

18. Baker http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://burmadigest.info/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/burma-refugee_children.jpg&imgrefurl=http://theblogprof.blogspot.com/2009/03/scorched-earth-strategy-in-pontiac-mi.html&usg=__Np6suKeBEIR37Uz6eDYEE_9KNd8=&h=356&w=597&sz=300&hl=en&start=30&zoom=1&tbnid=_g4uw2PcYcvT2M:&tbnh=81&tbnw=135&ei=qwq8ToiBNcTo0QGlvNTeCQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dfailing%2Bschools%26start%3D21%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1 • Blessing (1900’s-50): • Exemplary World Model • Rational • Bureaucratic • Robust • Progressive and modern • Met demands of industrial-urban society • Bane (post 1950s): • Broken Institution in Need of Reform • Social Decline • Persistent Poverty • Racial Disparities • Educational Failure in urban communities • Looks Weak in Int’l Comparison Is this your experience? http://www.pbs.org/kcet/publicschool/photo_gallery/photo6.html

19. Declining performance in comparison to other nations and domestically, as measured by standardized tests.

20. Where an “Average” School gets its Funds. • Local funds raised via property taxes --> inequalities. • Many localities unable to fund solutions. • Suggests need for national involvement in policy response. (Source: Rahm 2004)

21. As a Result • Shift from end of 1970’s great opposition to Federal involvement in K-12 • Reagan attempted to eliminate the Federal Department of Education and return control to localities. http://www.niuzer.com/Greeley-CO/Republican-candidates-assail-Dept.-of-Education-Returning-to-Reagan-roots-candidates-vow-to-dismantle-Federal-department-7386118.html • Bush re-invigorated Federal involvement (though he didn’t necessarily provide funding for his mandates) (Source: Rahm 2004) http://www.google.com/imgres?q=george+bush+no+child+left+behind&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=631&tbm=isch&tbnid=DoDHgBXX2MkFHM:&imgrefurl=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/gallery/2010/11/05/GA2010110502574.html&docid=HWTDrj3tqy9JCM&imgurl=http://media3.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/photo/gallery/101104/GAL-10Nov04-6320/media/PHO-10Nov04-266054.jpg&w=1024&h=926&ei=Kp2yTtfGO8Tw0gH88_SwBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=894&vpy=137&dur=187&hovh=213&hovw=236&tx=115&ty=113&sig=116910733075290489952&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=147&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0

22. Quality of Schools I • Bush: No Child Left Behind Act 2002 • promised stronger federal government role in k-12 (increased funding) • mandates yearly testing in grades 3-8 • provides mechanism for students to transfer out of failing schools • recruitment of more math, science, and special ed teachers (via forgiving loans for 5-year teaching commitment to poor schools) • (Drastic Shift from Reagan) http://www.google.com/imgres?q=george+bush+no+child+left+behind&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=631&tbm=isch&tbnid=DoDHgBXX2MkFHM:&imgrefurl=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/gallery/2010/11/05/GA2010110502574.html&docid=HWTDrj3tqy9JCM&imgurl=http://media3.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/photo/gallery/101104/GAL-10Nov04-6320/media/PHO-10Nov04-266054.jpg&w=1024&h=926&ei=Kp2yTtfGO8Tw0gH88_SwBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=894&vpy=137&dur=187&hovh=213&hovw=236&tx=115&ty=113&sig=116910733075290489952&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=147&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0 (Source: Rahm 2004)

23. Ideas in Quality of Schools Debate • Pay increases for teachers • National Qualifications and Testing for Teachers • Testing Student Performance • Charter Schools • Mechanisms to allow parents to move children out of failing schools (vouchers) – see reading School test Trouble Digital Video Clip Voucher Video Clip – a direct implication for Catholic schools (Source: Rahm 2004)

24. Film clip, vouchers and schools. • How do Vouchers work? • How might they impact Catholic Schools? According to video, what would happen to their enrollment? • What do you see as pros and cons of vouchers? To political cartoon…

25. Supreme Court and vouchers • http://www.solidarity.com/HKCARTOONS/teachertoons/mikevouchers1.html

26. Quality of Schools II • School Choice • Pro: • current inequality and monopoly • economically disadvantaged parents • Con: • collapse of free universal public school system, especially if vouchers used for private schools…..church and state? (Source: Rahm 2004)

27. How was this policy made?

28. Great 11 min Video on Education Past and Future- From Kaitlyn Warboy http://vimeo.com/17439081

29. Future Oriented Learning Approach • Break down false dichotomies between academic and non, Abstract/ Theorietical vs vocational • Realize most Great Learning happens in groups – collaboration happens in groups • Change The habits of institutions and the habits that they occupy.

30. Breaking out of Straight Lecture is Not Easy! Science Daily, 10/5/12:"From email to Twitter, blogs to word processors, computer programsprovide countless communications opportunities. While socialapplications have dominated the development of the participatory webfor users and programmers alike, this era of Web 2.0 is applicable tomore than just networking opportunities: it impacts education.The integration of increasingly sophisticated information andcommunication tools (ICTs) is sweeping university classrooms.Understanding how learners and instructors perceive the effectivenessof these tools in the classroom is critical to the success or failureof their integration higher education settings. A new study led byConcordia University shows that when it comes to pedagogy, studentsprefer an engaging lecture rather than a targeted tweet."[snip]"The surprising results showed that students were more appreciative ofthe literally 'old school' approach of lectures and were lessenthusiastic than teachers about using ICTs in classes. Instructorswere more fluent with the use of emails than with social media, whilethe opposite was true for students.'Our analysis showed that teachers think that their students feel morepositive about their classroom learning experience if there are moreinteractive, discussion-oriented activities. In reality, engaging andstimulating lectures, regardless of how technologies are used, arewhat really predict students' appreciation of a given universitycourse,' explains [study co-author Magda] Fusaro." http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121005134641.htm

31. From here on not on exam. • On to video of suburban creation and service learning.

32. Politically Correct Cartoons • http://www.conservativecartoons.com/cartoon.php?toon=voucher.gif&year=1998 http://www.conservativecartoons.com/archives.php?year=1998

33. The Gallup Poll 1971 Return http://0-institution.gallup.com.library.lemoyne.edu/searchresults.aspx?tab=search&stext=Catholics&startdate=&enddate=&criteria=all

34. Following cartoon (introduces all the main players for today) as well as Helps us review Jansson’s 6 aspects of policy strategy for the exam. (Question 13) • What can you identify? All 7 are here though some less visible (i.e. in the background).

35. Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Policy Strategy • 1. Constitutions • 2. Public policies • 3. Budget and spending programs • 4. Court decisions • 5. Stated or implied objectives • 6. Rules, Procedures, and Regulations • 7. (Evaluation)?

36. Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Policy Strategy • 1. Constitutions • education is not a federal constitutional right, though many state constitutions guarantee it. • 2. Public policies • states and localities hold primary responsibility for Elementary and Secondary ed policies. • run by School Districts, separate gvt units • 14,000 in the US • some Federal Involvement • 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Title 1--Federal aid to low income/SES schools

37. Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Policy Strategy • 3. Budget and spending programs • not a large expense for the federal government • the single largest area of expenditures for the states • (~1/3+ of state expenditure goes to elementary and higher ed)

38. (Source: Rahm 2004)

39. Where would you place Federal Contributions? (Source: Rahm 2004)

40. Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Policy Strategy • 4. Court decisions • Cleveland Schools, Supreme Court Case (big man) • Public $ for Private Religious Schools • 5. Stated or implied objectives • campaign issues Winerip etc. • No Child Left Behind “School Choice” • 6. Rules, Procedures, and Regulations • the specifics of how districts can and cannot run schools. At the center of the cartoon. • 7. (Evaluation)? • Baker and Winerip readings

41. Supreme Court and vouchers • http://www.solidarity.com/HKCARTOONS/teachertoons/mikevouchers1.html

42. Winerip on Vouchers? • The Evaluation Component. • The Importance of Following Scientific Method. Replication of research.

43. The Problem

44. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvsoW1iFGD0&t=3h15m12s&noredirect=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvsoW1iFGD0&t=3h15m12s&noredirect=1

45. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvsoW1iFGD0&t=3h15m12s&noredirect=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvsoW1iFGD0&t=3h15m12s&noredirect=1

46. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvsoW1iFGD0&t=3h15m12s&noredirect=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvsoW1iFGD0&t=3h15m12s&noredirect=1

47. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvsoW1iFGD0&t=3h15m12s&noredirect=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvsoW1iFGD0&t=3h15m12s&noredirect=1

48. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvsoW1iFGD0&t=3h15m12s&noredirect=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvsoW1iFGD0&t=3h15m12s&noredirect=1

49. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvsoW1iFGD0&t=3h15m12s&noredirect=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvsoW1iFGD0&t=3h15m12s&noredirect=1

50. Literacy Coalition of Madison County NY