People and Ideas on the Move

1. People and Ideas on the Move • What are some reasons people might migrate? • What are some things that may PULL people to a region or location? • What are some things that may PUSH people away from a region or location? • Has your family immigrated to the United States? • Do you know anyone who has immigrated to or from the United States?

2. People and Ideas on the Move Ch. 3 2000 b.c. – 250 b.c.

3. Migratory Civilizations in E. Europe/ W. Asia • Indo- Europeans Hittites • Aryans

4. Indo-Europeans • “Indo” refers to the Indian Subcontinent • Europe in the West  India in the East • Nomadic peoples who came from the steppes (dry grasslands) between the Caucasus mountains

5. Indo-European Language (p.61)

6. Hittites (2000 BCE) • Hittites settle Anatolia (modern day Turkey) • Geography: high, rocky plateau, rich in timber, minerals

7. Hittites (2000 B.C. – 1190 B.C.) • Occupied Babylon, fought with Egypt over N. Syria • Superior war technology • Chariot (center wheel, Iron construction) • Iron weapons (iron ore and charcoal readily available in mountains) • Invasions from North led to decline

8. Aryans (1500 B.C. – 250 B.C.) • Pastoral People • Occupy modern day Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India

9. Aryans (1500 B.C. – 250 B.C.) • Little archeological (earthen) record • Kept records using: Vedas • Sacred literature (prayers, magical spells, instructions for performing rituals) • Periodic lack/ loss of a writing system

10. Aryan Civilization Cont. • Development of a Caste System • Aryan’s portray a feeling of superiority over other races • Aryan (nobles) vs. Dasas (Indian peoples known as slaves) • Aryan Caste system is composed of multiple social classes: • Brahmins (priests) • Warriors • Peasants or Traders • Shudras (non-Aryan laborers or craftspeople) • Caste is for life, determined work, marriage, eating arrangements

11. Caste System Cont. (Brahmins) Priests Warriors Traders (Shudras) Laborers Examine textbook on p. 64 (The Aryan Caste System)

12. Aryan Civilizations Cont. • Kingdoms Arise • 1000 B.C. minor kings desire to have territorial kingdoms • Kingdom of Magadha arises as a result of the struggle for land and power (one major kingdom) • Violence and confusion lead to new religions in India • Development of Hinduism and Buddhism

13. Hinduism and Buddhism Develop • In pairs, examine p. 66-71 in textbook. • Create a Venn Diagram comparing: • Beliefs • Practices • of Buddhism and Hinduism

14. Hinduism and Buddhism Develop • Intermingling of Aryans and Non-Aryans leads to development of Hinduism • As Hindu teachers attempt to explain Vedic hymns, their comments are written down as Upanishads • These Upanishads later become the basis for the Hindu faith • Hinduism (750-550BC) • No single founder • No single set of ideas • See religion as a way to liberate the soul from the illusions, disappointments, and mistakes of everyday existence

15. Hinduism • Believe that persons can achieve moksha, a state of perfect understanding of all things • A person must understand the relationship between the atman (soul of a living being) and Brahman (world soul responsible for uniting all atmans) to achieve perfect understanding or moksha • This understanding comes through a process of reincarnation, in which an individual soul or spirit is born again • Karma (the following of good or bad deeds from one reincarnation to another) • Determine life status , opportunity, ect.

16. Hinduism • 3 Gods of Hinduism • Brahma: Creator • Shiva: Destroyer • Vishnu: Protector

17. Hinduism • Worship of a god is not mandatory • Free to choose from three paths to achieving moksha • Path of right thinking, • Path of right action, • Path of religious devotion • Good Karma results in good fortune, bad karma results bad

18. Hinduism • Hinduism and the caste structure developed during the Aryan time period still dominate individual life • As a result, Hindus are coerced into looking to religion for guidance in order to better their chances in future lives

19. Jainism • Mahavira (founder, 599-527BC): Everything has a soul and so should not be harmed • Jians preach tolerance of all religions • Few efforts convert followers • http://www.jainworld.com/education/jainsymbol.htm

20. Founding of Buddhism • Buddhism is founded by Siddhartha Gautama (563-483BC) • Isolated inside his father’s palace until the age of 29 due to his father’s hopes of him becoming a world leader • Ventured outside four times at the age of 29 • 1st saw an old man • 2nd saw a sick man • 3rd saw a corpse • 4th saw a holy man at peace

21. Buddhism • Interpreted these experiences as every living thing experiences these misfortunes, but only a religious life can provide refuge and peace • Siddhartha wandered the forests of India for 6 years searching for Enlightenment, or wisdom • After 49 days of meditation, he understood the misfortunes and suffering in the world • This Enlightenment gave him the title of the “Enlightened One”, or Buddha

22. Buddhism • 1st sermon was preached to five companions • Laid out the four main ideas that he had come to understand • Four Noble Truths • 1. Life is filled with suffering and sorrow • 2. The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world • 3. The way to end all suffering is to end all desires • 4. The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle Way between desires and self-denial

23. Buddhism • To achieve enlightenment or Nirvana, Buddha stated the need to follow the Eightfold Path: • Right Views • Right Resolve • Right Speech • Right Conduct • Right Livelihood • Right Effort • Right Mindfulness • Right Concentration • Anyone capable of reaching Nirvana

24. Buddhism • Rejected many gods of Hinduism • Rejected the caste system • Both believe in a perfect state of understanding, a break from the chain of reincarnations

25. Buddhism • So what exactly happens when one achieves Nirvana? "Nirvana" is simply "understanding"Understanding about the very nature of your being.When you die with Nirvana, you get absorbed into the cosmic consiousness - the very consciousness that is part of the creation.If you chose to come back to further the creation process, you can (a la Buddhism)..if not, you do what the stars and planets do at a level inconceivable to humans....Humanity is just the beginning of an ever evolutionary process....enjoy the process....

26. Buddhism and Society (concluding facts) • Many followers were laborers or craftspeople • Buddha reluctantly admitted women • Monks and nuns took vows of poverty, nonviolence, and celibacy • Teachings of Buddha are documented in the Jatakas • Buddhism spread throughout Asia and Indonesia

27. Origins of Judaism • Hebrews settled in Canaan • Modern day: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Egypt • The land God had “promised to the Hebrew people”

28. Origins of Judaism • Early knowledge of Judaism comes from the Torah • Torah: first five (5) books of the Hebrew Bible • Abraham is chosen by God to be the “father” of the Hebrew people • Moves his people to Canaan (1800 B.C.) • Hebrews are Monotheists: God = Yahweh • Covenant between Yahweh and Abraham protects Hebrews

29. Exodus • Famine causes Hebrews to migrate to Egypt from Canaan = forced into slavery • Exodus (1300-1200 B.C.): Hebrews fled Egypt • Remembered during Passover • Instructed to leave blood of a spring lamb • “Festival of the unleavened bread” • Moses led Hebrews out of slavery

30. New Covenant • Ten Commandments • Spoken to Moses on Mount Sinai (2 stone tablets) • Basis for civil and religious law in Judaism

31. Desert Wandering • Moses dies after 40 years of wandering • Hebrews decide to return to Canaan • Develop civilization (city-dwellers) • 12 tribes (self-governing)

32. Formation of Israel • Tribes die out due to lack of structure and support • Tribe of Judah remains  called Jews (Judaism) • Kingdom of Israel • Saul = drove out Philistines • David = son-in-law • established Jerusalem as capital, united the tribes, founded a dynasty • Solomon = son of David • Built trade empire, beautified city (temple—contain tablets)

33. Decline of Israel • Kingdom divides in two • Israel • Judah • Both succumb to Assyrian attack • Babylonians destroy Solomon’s temple (Jerusalem)(586 B.C.) • Persians conquer Babylon and allow 40,000 exiles to return to Jerusalem