EDUCATION AND GENDER WAGE GAP IN GREECE

1. EDUCATION AND GENDER WAGE GAP IN GREECE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

2. Table 16 Secondary Public and Private Education in Greece, School Year 2005-2006 Boys Girls Men Women • Junior High Schools 175,959 160,299 13,768 27,661 • High Schools 113,477 129,811 13,248 13,368 • Technical Vocational Schools 65,734 36,643 9,601 7,578 • Total 355,170 328,753 36,617 48,607 Schools Students Teachers

3. Table 14 Women in Higher Education Postgraduate Students • Year Total Women % WomenTotalWomen% Women • 2005-2006 171,967 102,353 59.52 % 42,930 21,283 49,58% • 2006-2007 171,857 102,569 59.68 % 47,784 24,464 51,20% • 2007-2008 170,422 102,792 60.32 % 49,347 24,754 50,16%

4. Table 4 Women’s participation in responsible posts within the Public Sector • Rates of women’s participation in head posts in Ministries, PLLE and LGO 1996 2002 2005 2007 • General Directors No class or post stipulated 40.4% 37.7% Ministries: 40% PLLE: 69.6% LGO: 36.7% Average: 48.9% • Directors 24.5% 36% 34.5% Ministries: 35.5% PLLE: 62.2% LGO: 39.4% Average: 45.7% • Department Heads 37.8% 50.7% 46.3% Ministries: 46.4% PLLE: 76.3% LGO: 44% Average: 55.6% • Average 31.15% 42.3% 39.5% 50.1%

5. PARTICIPATION OF GENDER GROUPS IN ENGINEERING WORKPLACE

6. Table 1 Personsemployed ,15-64 years ,byeducationlevelandskillfulness ( ISCEDcode ), in Greece and Europe an Union , 2005 Source :European Commission DG-Employment and Social Affairs, Employment in Europe 2006.

7. Source :European Commission DG-Em ployment and Social Affairs, Employment in Europe 2006 Table 2Participation % in Labour Force 15-64 years , byεducation(ISCEDlevel , ( ISCEDcode ),inGreeceκαιandEuropeanUnion , 2003

8. Table 19 Employment and Unemployment Percentages per Sex, 2004 and 2008 EmploymentPercentageUnemploymentPercentage • Men 2004 74.0 6.5 2008 75.4 4.8 • Women 2004 45.5 16.0 2008 49.0 11.1

9. Employment rate : Persons employed 15-64 years,aspercentage of population 15-64 yearsPart - timerate : Percentage % of total EmploymentUnemploymentrate : Unemploymentpersons15 yearsand over asPercentage % of labour force Source : European Commission DG-Employment and Social Affairs, Employment in Europe 2006. Table33 (ISCEDrates in Greece and European Union, byeducationlevel and sex,20042004

10. Source : National Statistical Service of Greece Table 4Labour Force by education level and sex (2007)(inthousands )

11. Source : National Statistical Service of Greece (in thousands) Table5Persons employed , by education level and sex

12. Source : National Statistical Service of Greece ( 1 st quarter2007 , in thousands ) Table6Persons employed 15 years end over with part-time job byeducation level and sex (2007)

13. Source: National Statistical Service of Greece (1st quarter2007, in thousands) Table7Unemployedfemales 15years end over by education level and age groups   (2007)

14. Source: National Statistical Service of Greece (1st quarter2007, in thousands) Table 8Unemployedmales15 years end over by education level and age groups (2007)

15. Source: National Statistical Service of Greece (1st quarter2007, in thousands) Table99Persons employed 15 years end over byeducation level, occupational status and sex (2007)

16. TABLE – Statistics on women’s status in Greece and in the European Union • Reference Greece European Union • Women Men Women Men • Employment rates (women and men aged 15-65), 2010 48.9% 73.5% 58.6% 70.7% • Employment rates (women and men aged 15-24), 2010 18.1% 27.7% 33.1% 37.2% • Employment rates (women and men aged 55 -64), 2010 32.0% 64.3% 44.6% 61.95% • Unemployment rates (women and men aged 15-64), 2010 15.7% 9.7% 10.2% 9.9% • Unemployment rates (women and men aged 15-242010 40.4% 25.5% 19.5% 20.7% • Unemployment rates (women and men aged 25-64), 2010 13.8% 8.6% 9.2% 8.7% • Share of long-term unemployed (women and men 15 and over), in 2009 6.0% 2.4% 3.1% 2.9% • Pay gap in EU Member States, in 2008 22.0% 17.5% • Percentages of inactive and partially active women due to the lack of care services for children and the elderly (Ju • 68.5% _ 26.7% 25.9% • Care of children at the age of 0-3 (Barcelona target is 33%) (2005) 7.0% 24.0% • Care of children from 3 years old up to the age of compulsory education (Barcelona target is 90%) (2005) 60.0% 82.4% • Women and men with High Education level, in 2009 59.0% 41.0% 59.0% 41.0% • Unemployment rates by sex and educational attainment level (PhD or Master degree holders), in 2009 • 9.7% 5.8% 4.8% 3.7% • Participation rates (women and men) in National Parliaments 17.3% 82.7% 26.0% 74.0% European Commission,

17. Participation rates (women and men) • in senior posts in enterprises, in 2008 29.0% 71.0% 32.5% 67.5% • Participation rates (women and men) • in Boards of Directors of the biggest listed companies, in 2009 5.0% 95.0% 11.0% 89.0% in decision-making Population percentage 18 years old at the risk of poverty, in 2008 20.7% 19.6% 17.5% 15.6% • Employees at the risk of poverty, in 2008 12.1% 15.9% 7.9% 9% • Non employed persons at the risk of poverty, in 2007 26% 23% 25% 23% • Unemployed persons at the risk of poverty, in 2007 31% 41% 39% 47% • Pensioners at the risk of poverty, in 2008 23.6% 20.8% 21.2% 15% • Other inactive persons at the risk of poverty, 2007 25% 27% 28% 26% • Deaths of women – victims of domestic violence (homicides 2007) 10 women victims Public Security Division, 1st Special Crime Squad • Deaths of women – victims of domestic violence (homicides 2008) 17 women victims • Deaths of women – victims of domestic violence (homicides 2009) 13 women

18. Table 1 Women’s participation in the National Parliament • Year Total Women % Women • 1996 300 19 6.3 • 2000 300 31 10.3 • 2004 300 39 13 • 2007 300 48 16 • 2009 300 52 17.3 • A slight improvement from 43 (9%) in the 1999 election to 61 (11.09%) in the 2004 election. • Electoral system used in 1999 is proportional with closed-list system. In the 2004 election, the proportion is “half-opened”. Meaning that the internal mechanism in the political party still have the strong hold of the political party list in the recruitment system.

19. Table 2 Rates of women candidates for regional, municipal and local councils 2006 • women candidates for Municipal Elections 32% • women candidates for Region Councils 29% • women candidates for Local Councils 36%

20. Table 3 European Elections Results, 2004 & 2009 per gender Seats Women Men % Women • 2004 24 8 16 33.3 • 2009 22 7 15 31.8

21. CURRENT TRENDS OF WOMEN IN THE ORGANISATIONAL HIERARCHY IN THE GREEK IT FIRMS • High percentage of women in • Quality management • Human Resource management • Programming • Technical Writing • Low percentage of women in • IT operations • Database administration • Network administration • Percentage of women in Senior management low in comparison to western countries • Percentage of women in project management steadily rising IT - the Industry with one of the highest growth rate of women employees

22. Table 23 Average time dedicated to domestic and family duties and to employed work per week (data for 2005)1 Women Men Gender Difference • Domestic and family duties Paid employment28.8 43.6 7.1 53.1 21.7 -9.5

23. Table 24 Non-active Population aged 25-64 per sex: Reasons for not searching for employment Women Men • Reasons of non searching of employment 2004 2008 2004 2008 • Waiting to take over a working post : : : : • Suffering from a disease or incapability 3.5 4.7 20 20.1 • Other family/ personal duties 43.9 36.5 1.6 1.2 • Taking care of children or dependent adults : 8.6 : : • They are students 1.2 2 6.2 7.4 • They are pensioners 14.2 14.7 67.2 65.6 • Believing that there are no jobs available 0.7 0.9 : 0.8 • Other reasons 36.5 32.7 4.5 4.8

24. WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT • HUMAN RIGHTS • GENDER-RESPONSIVE GOVERNANCE The Greek Framework Plan for Women

25. Recommendations For women in administrative and technical positions: • Provide business communications training • Provide intensive English language training

26. Recommendations For women in support positions such as cleaners and tea servers: • Conduct a relevant needs assessment

27. Recommendations For women who will be displaced in the civil service reform process: • Provide opportunity for retraining as teachers • Provide intensive English language training

28. The National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) 2007-2013, Operational Programme (OP) “Public Administration Reform”, is the central funding framework of these policies and activities • The Programme is structured on three pillars. They entail, respectively: • a. proposed legislative regulations to improve family law, reform and enhance legislation addressing violence and introduce new provisions aimed at substantive gender equality; • b. GSGE specialised gender equality policies (interventions in selected areas of public policy and creation of policy making institutions, structures and bodies); and • c. interventions by other Ministries and public agencies which foster gender equity via public policies (mainstreaming policies).

29. Recommendations For women who will enter the civil service in the near- and medium-term future: • Assist in GTZ research project on civil service employment for women

30. Gender Analysis of Civil Service Training Working Towards equal opportunities for women in the civil service

31. Introduction • Report Purpose • Commitments to Gender Equality by Greek Government • Methodology

32. Women in the Civil Service • Statistics • Current Environment • Categories • Civil Service Reform

33. OBJECTIVES • Provide, greek government agencies, and development practitioners with a common set of analytical concepts and tools for integrating gender concerns into development programs and projects • Help achieve gender equality in, and empower women through, projects and programs

34. Statistics • number of civil servants 1.100.000 • gender-disaggregated data • 180,000 to 325,000 total • One estimate 38,000 women • One estimate 60% of women teachers

35. Current Environment • Lack of central coordination and tracking • Lack of merit-based selection system • Lack of post-training evaluation • Lack of post-training information sharing • Fossilized/discriminatory civil service infrastructure

36. Categories • Women in senior- and mid-level managerial and policy-making positions • Women in administrative and technical positions • Women in support positions such as cleaners and tea servers • Women who will be displaced in the civil service reform process • Women who will enter the civil service in the near- and medium-term future

37. Civil Service Training • No centralized coordination or tracking • Attempt at general inventory by ministry and provincial administration • Source – ministries, NGO’s and training providers

38. Recommendations General: • Greek government should hold government officials publicly responsible for a commitment to gender equality • Independent Administrative Reform & Civil Service Commission should form an equity unit • Implement process immediately with gender component • Implement gender-sensitive merit-based selection processes for training attendees. • Ministries and donors participate in central training tracking

39. Recommendations For women in senior- and mid-level managerial and policy-making positions: • Provide business communications training • Provide training for effective access to women in the Parliament

40. Thank you and Welcome to Discussion….. Amoutzias.dimitris@n3.sezefxis.gov.gr