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HWA and its Threat to The EASTERN HEMLOCK Tsuga canadensis Presented by: Jayme Longo

HWA and its Threat to The EASTERN HEMLOCK Tsuga canadensis Presented by: Jayme Longo . Why Hemlocks are Important. Scenic Beauty 1 Erosion Control 2 Hydrology Modification Cooling Temperatures - Trout Habitat 3 Internal Ecosystem - Rare Species Habitat. 3. 1. 2.

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HWA and its Threat to The EASTERN HEMLOCK Tsuga canadensis Presented by: Jayme Longo

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  1. HWA and its Threat to The EASTERN HEMLOCKTsuga canadensisPresented by:Jayme Longo

  2. Why Hemlocks are Important • Scenic Beauty1 • Erosion Control2 • Hydrology Modification • Cooling Temperatures -Trout Habitat3 • Internal Ecosystem -Rare Species Habitat 3 1 2

  3. Hemlock Dependant Species Canadian Museum of Nature

  4. Threats to Hemlock Trees • Drought • Development • Spider-Mites ……… • Scales ………………… • HWA ………………….. Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Mark S. McClure Invasive.org

  5. The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelgestsugae) • A True Bug, native to East Asia that feeds by sucking sap from hemlock trees (new growth, inject toxin) • HWA is introduced to N. America in 1924 (PA: 1967) • No native predators = major threat to the Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) & Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana) • The pest has now been established from GA to MA, causing widespread mortality of hemlock trees. • 50% of the geographic range of eastern hemlock has been impacted by HWA.

  6. Infestation Distribution

  7. Symptoms of HWA Impact How do you know HWA is impacting your Hemlock Trees? • Presence of white, cottony egg sacs clinging to the underside of hemlock branches • Gradual fading and browning of limbs • Graying, dry or brittle needles which begin dropping • Trees with skeletal, spider web-like appearance and defoliated understory • Presence of one or more other pests/diseases

  8. The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid • HWA Life Cycle 6 1 5 R. Childs 2 4 3 3 7 Invasive.org 2 1 www.invasive.org 4 5 6 7 R. Childs

  9. The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid If HWA is left uncontrolled, ultimate result is the Loss of Hemlock Trees. (4-6 yrs) • Death of Hemlocks would result in: (impact photos) • Erosion  • Change in Ecosystem • Fire Hazard • Aesthetic Loss • Safety • Lyme disease • Economics of removal

  10. The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid If HWA is left uncontrolled, ultimate result is the Loss of Hemlock Trees. (4-6 yrs) • Death of Hemlocks would result in: (impact photos) • Erosion • Change in Ecosystem • Fire Hazard • Aesthetic Loss • Safety • Lyme disease • Economics of removal Will Blozan

  11. The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Monitoring HWA • Develop an Understanding (How it travels) • Natural Controls (cold/predation) • Early detection • Frequent inspection

  12. The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Create an inventory • Locate, map, & evaluate most imp. Trees *monitor recovery, type of treatment, safety of bio control* • Value matrix

  13. HWA Control Methods • Cultural • Reducing invasion • Improving tree health • Mechanically removing HWA • Planting resistant hemlock species • Chemical • Horticultural Oils/ Soaps • Pesticides (General info.) • Methods of Application (Spray, Root, or Stem inj.) • Evaluating Effectivenes • Biological Control • ST Beetle: Sasajiscymnustsugae • Only Long term solution • Availability

  14. HWA Cultural Control Cultural Control • Reducing invasion • Improving tree health • Mechanically removing HWA • Planting resistant Hemlock species clevelandpublicart.org

  15. HWA Chemical Control Chemical Control • Horticultural Oils/ Soaps • Pesticides • Methods of Application (Spray, Root, or Stem inj.) • Evaluating Effectiveness Trees-america.com

  16. HWA Biological Control • Biological Control • Only Long term solution • ST Beetle: Sasajiscymnustsugae • Where it comes from • Why it is successful • Predatory practices • Comparative Life-cycle • Winter Hardy • Years of Observation • From Lab to Release • Availability/ Supply & Demand Most wanted by private consumers due to price, success stories, HWA only main food source and most compatible with other releases. Most people invested in ST beetles so they can interbreed with neighbors.

  17. ST Beetle Life Cycle Egg Larvae Pupa Adult

  18. Options • No management • Removal & replacement of dead trees • Treat, prevent and control infestation • Biological Control • Combination Approach

  19. Questions & Comments

  20. Works Cited • "Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid @ Invasive.org." Invasive Species: Information, Images, Videos, Distribution Maps. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.invasive.org/hwa/>. • "Blackside Dace |." Pajamadeen.com. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.pajamadeen.com/tag/blackside-dace>. • Bonta, Dave. Porcupine in hemlock. 24 Sept. 2006. Dave Bonta'sphotostream, Www.flickr.com. • Cleveland Public Art. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.clevelandpublicart.org/files/projects/images/800/eco-fence-bird-house.jpg>. • "Climb of the Caldwell Colossus." Eastern Native Tree Society. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.nativetreesociety.org/tsuga/caldwell_colossus/caldwell_colossus.htm>. • Consumer Information about Tree Service from TreeCareTips.org. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.treecaretips.org/images//Hemlock3.jpg>. • Eastern Native Tree Society. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.nativetreesociety.org/tsuga/finale/Colleague-_Little_Spruce_Ridge_covered_in_dead_hemlocks-_note_lack_of_hardwoods.JPG>. • "Hemlock Woody Adelgid -." Landscape Nursery and Urban Forestry - UMass Extension. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.umassgreeninfo.org/fact_sheets/piercing_sucking/hemlock_woolly_adelgid.html>. • "Hemlock woolly adelgid -." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlock_Woolly_Adelgid>. • "Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Update." Chattooga Conservancy. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.chattoogariver.org/index.php?quart=Su2002&req=hwaupdate>. • HGIC - Plant Diagnostic Web Site. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://plantdiagnostics.umd.edu/level3.cfm?causeID=859>. • "HWA." Rutgers: CRSSA. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://crssa.rutgers.edu/courses/lse/Web_scale/Web%20project/HWA.htm>. • "Invasive Species: Animals - Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelgestsugae)." National Invasive Species Information Center. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/hwa.shtml>. • Invasive Species: Information, Images, Videos, Distribution Maps. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.invasive.org/hwa/images/Figure3.gif>. • "Moss Spraying." Trees America Welcome Page. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.trees-america.com/mossx.com/>. • Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry - USDA Forest Service. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pdfs/mcclure_hwa.pdf>. • "Northern Flying Squirrel, Glaucomyssabrinus." Canadian Museum of Nature - Mus?canadien de la nature. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://nature.ca/notebooks/english/flysquir_p8.htm>. • "Pest Alert - Elongate Hemlock Scale." Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry - USDA Forest Service. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_al/ehscale/ehscale.htm>. • "Save Our Hemlocks - Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Facts." Save Our Hemlocks Home Page. 18 Apr. 2009 <http://www.saveourhemlocks.org/adelgid.shtml>.

  21. Thank-You

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