Natural Disasters and International Cooperation

1. Natural Disasters and International Cooperation Kenzo Oshima September 8, 2012

2. Outline 1. Facts about natural disasters 2. Support to the affected 3. International guiding principles and rules for humanitarian emergency relief 4. Japan and natural disasters (Fukushima nuclear accident and lessons learned) 5. Post-emergency Recovery and Reconstruction Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) 6. Key issues and challenges

3. 1. Facts ●Global trends: - Frequency and intensity of natural disasters on the rise and worsening - Impact felt most acutely in the developing world, with Asia and Africa the hardest hit * During the past 20 years, 200 / per year →400 / per year * 2010 - the worst in 20 years 385 major events: Quake in Haiti, Chile; Heat wave in Russia; Floods in China, etc. Impact: More than 200 million people affected (more than 290,000 people killed) Damage: $120 billion IDPs: 42 million people forced to flee by sudden-onset natural hazards * Between 2000-2011, more than one natural disaster with a humanitarian impact occurred every day * Over the 30 years, approx. 88% of reported deaths and 96% of the total of affected people were in Asia and Africa * Climate-related disasters: 80-90%, Geophysical: 10%

4. Natural disasters (world trends)

5. 1. Facts (Cont’d) ● Disasters、Risks, Hazards, Vulnerabilities, Capacities Disaster risk = Hazard ×Vulnerability Disaster risk = Hazard ×Vulnerability÷Mitigation capacity ●Causes of increasing vulnerabilities to natural hazards - Climate change - Population growth - Urbanization - Environmental degradation - Resource scarcity, etc. ●Complex disasters (Technological, Environmental) - Fukushima nuclear accident - Hurricane Katrina (US) and broken pipelines

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18. 2. Support to the affected ● International cooperation for disaster situations: - Humanitarian emergency relief (disaster response) - Recovery, Reconstruction - DRR (disaster risk reduction, prevention, mitigation, preparedness) ● Types and level of support: - Self-help (individual) 　　⇔Primary responsibility of states affected - Mutual help (community) ⇔Regional organizations’ involvement - Public help (State) 　　　　 ⇔　International community ● International actors: - UN and other international organizations - Bilateral aid agencies - National and International NGOs - Red Cross Movement (IFRC, ICRC) - Private sector

19. 2.International actors in humanitarian emergency relief ● UN agencies: Operational: WFP, UNICEF, UNHCR, WHO, etc. Coordination: UNOCHA (or OCHA) ● Non-UN international and regional organizations: IOM, etc.; ASEAN, OIC, African Union, etc. ● Bilateral aid agencies: JICA, USAID, DFID, SDC, etc. ● NGOs: MSF, OXFAM, World Vision, Save the Children, etc. ● Red Cross Movement ● Private sector (Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR)

23. 3. International guiding principles and rules ●UN Resolution 46/182 (1991) - Primary responsibility of the state affected - Humanitarian principles: humanity, neutrality, impartiality - Respect of sovereignty “Assistance to be provided with the consent and on the basis of an appeal by the affected country” - Central role of the UN for coordination – key tools: ERC (Emergency Relief Coordinator) OCHA (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) IASC (Inter-Agency Standing Committee) - Funding mechanism: CERF (Central Emergency Response Fund) CAP (Consolidated Appeal)

24. 3. Principles and rules (Cont’d) ● Non-UN humanitarian rules (Red Cross and NGOs) - Principles of conduct for the IRC and NGOs (1994) - The “Sphere Project” The Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response ● “Responsibility to Protect (R2P)” “Sovereignty as Responsibility” ●Human rights issues in disaster situations

25. 3. Principles and rules (Cont’d) ●Role of the military - Comparative advantages of the military Support to infrastructure (transport, repairs, airport control, power supplies, water, etc.) - Guidelines on the Use of Foreign Military and Civil Defense Assets in Disaster Relief: “Oslo Guidelines” (1994) cf. Guideline on the Use of Military and Civil Defense Assets to support UN Humanitarian Activities in Complex Emergencies (2003) - “Last resort” “Under overall civilian coordination” - Prohibition of certain acts

26. 4. Japan and Natural Disasters ●A disaster-prone country in a disaster-prone region - geological (earthquakes, volcanoes, active faults, tsunamis) - weather-related (typhoons, floods, landslides, etc.) *Alandmass of only 0.25% of the world : 20% of earthquakes with magnitude M6 and above occurred in and near Japan during the past 10 years; On average one big earthquake every year ( 112 earthquakes larger than M7 in the past 111 years); 7% of the world’s active volcanoes *16% of the world’s disaster damage suffered during the past 30 years ●Accumulated experience, knowhow, technologies ●Urgent domestic need to upgrade disaster preparedness, including for nuclear accident (complex disasters)

27. （出展：平成22年版防災白書）

28. （出展：平成22年版防災白書）

29. 4. Japan and Natural disasters (Cont’d) ● Japan as a donor of international disaster response * Japan Disaster Relief team: Rescue, medical , material support, etc. * ODA-based support: emergency relief, recovery, reconstruction to developing countries * DDR cooperation ( Post-Hyogo Framework process, etc.) * JICA’s role ●Japan as a recipient of international support * Great Kanto Earthquake (1923) * Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake (2004) * East Japan Earthquake and Fukushima (2004)

30. 諸外国・地域・国際機関からの　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　救助・専門家チーム等活動場所一覧諸外国・地域・国際機関からの　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　救助・専門家チーム等活動場所一覧 （出展：外務省HP、６月１４日時点）

31. 4. Nuclear accident at Fukushima ●Major nuclear accidents - Three Mile Island (US, 1979) - Chernobyl (Former USSR, 1986) - Fukushima Daiichi ● Comparisons ● Investigation reports: - Government - Diet - Private sector - TEPCO - IAEA, US National Academy of Sciences, etc.

34. 後にM9.0に修正

38. 4. Fukushima (Cont’d) ● Main findings - What went wrong? Was the accident preventable? - Emergency response issues - Escalation of the accident and damage - Organizational issues in accident prevention and response - Legal issues ● Lessons learned for the future - 7 Recommendations ● Implications for international cooperation

39. Post-emergency Reconstruction & DRR ●Recovery and Reconstruction “Building back better” “Gap issues” Post-disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) ●Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) - International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) - “Prevention better than cure” - International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) - Hyogo Framework for Action (2005) - 3rd UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction (2015)

41. ６. Key issues and challenges ●Increasing threats from natural disasters and “complex” disasters – improving risk management and preparedness ●How best to improve coping capacities at national, regional, and international level ●Growing number of actors in international disaster relief and the need for better coordination ●Streamlining disaster risk reduction in development agenda ●Challenges for Japan: National preparedness, risk and crisis management A donor nation A recipient nation World Conference on DRR in 2015 Future nuclear policy: re-commissioning of idle plants, etc.

42. Global Platform meeting in Geneva, 2011 出展：Google