AS Revision Introduction to Physical Education G451

1. AS Revision Introduction to Physical Education G451

2. Why do you participate in Physical Activity (or not)?

3. Key • ET = Exam TIP • KT = Key Term

4. Physical Activity Physical Benefits Eg improved CV fitness or maintenance of a healthy body weight Mental Benefits Eg stress relief, mood Enhancement, or feel good factor Personal Benefits Eg knowing own strengths and weaknesses or Increasing self esteem. Social Eg feeling of belonging or Having healthy relationships ET = you need to be able to give examples of physical, mental, personal and social benefits of regular participation in physical activity.

5. Sedentary Lifestyles • Recommendations • 30mins moderate intensity • Physical activity x 5 per week • Children and young people • 60mins of moderately intense • Physical activity each day. At • Least two sessions should • include higher impact activity • To improve bone health, muscle • Strength and flexibility. • Barriers to Regular Participation • Lack of: • Energy • Perceived ability/skill • Friends who participate • Suitable facilities nearby • Money eg to join a gym • Suitable/correct kit • Also: • Anxiety about being out after dark • Preference to stay at home when it’s cold or wet • Dislike exercise or sweating • Embarrassed to show body • In brief KT Lack of opportunity Lack of provision Lack of esteem

6. Key Terms Physical Benefits – to do with the body Eg potential to reduce the risk of heart disease. Social Benefits – to do with others Eg having positive relationships Personal Benefits – to do with self Eg improved self-esteem Mental Benefits – to do with the mind Eg stress relief ET - always use these key terms especially for ten mark questions Esteem – Confidence to participate Opportunity – The chance to take part based on factors such as time, money etc Provision – the availability of facilities which allow for participation.

7. Physical Recreation Physical Recreation Enjoyment is a key characteristic Physical Recreation Emphasis on:- Participation not performance Taking part, not winning Enjoyment and satisfaction, not record-breaking ET - when asked to identify the characteristics of Phys Rec it is important to be specific and clear in your answers. If simple bland terms are used such as ‘anyone, anywhere at anytime’ to describe characteristics you will not gain marks. Be specific not vague!

8. Benefits of Outdoor Recreation Remember that outdoor recreation is physical recreation in the natural environment eg a walking holiday

9. Exam Tips

10. Characteristics of Physical Education PE can be defined as :- Learning about and through physical activity The learning of physical, personal, preparatory and qualitative values through formal physical activity in school

11. Benefits of Physical Education

12. Outdoor Education Constraints of widespread participation In Outdoor Education by young people:- • Lack of adequate funding, specialist staff and transport costs • Distance from natural facilities • Insufficient voluntary contributions from pupils • Outdoor activities can take up too much curriculum time. • Parents anxieties over H & s concerns • and staff reluctant to take responsibility Beginners Experts Perceived Risk Real Risk Completely safe dangerous even fatal Imagined challenging

13. Characteristics and Benefits of Sport What makes a sport? Tradition Vigorous exertion Competition Administration Behaviour

14. Key Terms Physical Prowess – Skill Sportsmanship– Fair Play Physical Endeavour– Effort and Commitment Gamesmanship– Stretching the rules To gain an unfair advantage. Aesthetic– movement that is beautiful to watch and pleasing to the eye Sledging– Attempting to undermine an Opponent by verbally abusing , taunting Deviance – seriously breaking the rules

15. Characteristics of Surviving Ethnic Sports Occasional/Annual Ritualistic Local Natural Tourism Rowdy Traditional Social Relatively Isolated

16. Exam Tips

17. 19th Century Public Schools Community Members Oxbridge Blues Teachers Community Leaders Vicars/Priests Parents Industrialists Assistant Masters Army Officers

18. Move From Popular Recreation (B4 IR) to Rational Recreation (PIR) • Popular RecreationRational Recreation • Localised Local – regional – national • Uncoded Formal codification • Cruel/Violent Channelled aggression • Irregular/occasional Regular • Courtly/popular Gentry – middle – working • Rural Rural – urban • Ritual Moral • Wagering Gambling curtailed

20. USA Ivy League Win at all costs Conference- Similar to a league American dream Highly Commercialised State Capitalist State 300 million people In 50 states American football Rags to riches Franchise- The business that Owns, runs and has voting rights for a team

21. Australia Australia Population 21,007,310 (2008 est.) Young Nation (1770) James Cook of England charted eastern coast, claimed it for British Crown Retained Colonial Influences Rugby 2 codes Cricket Association football (Socceroos) Immigration Complete time-line on map!

22. Australia Give reasons for physical activity (physical education, physical recreation and sport) being of such high status in Australia. [5] Colonialism White Australia Policy Bush Culture

23. Give reasons for physical activity (physical education, physical recreation and sport) being of such high status in Australia. [5]

24. Reasons • Favourable Climate

25. Outdoor Lifestyle/Health Conscious

26. Government Support • The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) leads the development of elite sport and is widely acknowledged in Australia and internationally as a world best practice model for elite athlete development. The AIS is a pre-eminent elite sports training institution in Australia with world class facilities and support services. The AIS has 35 sport programs in 26 sports. • AIS scholarship holders to become tomorrow's world-beaters and all the information on how to join the AIS family is available through the scholarships section. • The AIS has been the nation's sports training powerhouse mainly due to the AIS facilities and the cutting edge Sports Science Sports Medicine support. • The AIS campus is located in the suburb of Bruce in the Australian Capital Territory. 

27. Sporting Success proof of progress

28. Sport for All

29. Media support and interest

30. A forum for advertisment

31. Tradition of Success

32. Unites a ‘Small Nation’

33. High status in Schools

34. Impact on young Peoples aspirationsFunding of Physical Activity In: taxes, gaming duties and National Lottery sales. Out:- Local authorities, awards and grants eg UK sport. Sportsmatch Sponsorship, Armed forces sport In: business profit, ticket sales, TV rights Out:- sponsor individuals, teams, running and maintaining private sports clubs and facilities, buying TV rights, Sport Aid Grants, National Sports Foundation In: national lottery grants, awards for all, sportsmatch grants, local authority grants, NGBs, fundraising, Foundation for sports and arts, National sports Foundation, Commercial Sponsorship and members subscription Out:- facility building maintenance and development, developing performers (coaching), running a club

35. World Class Pathway Programme Years from podium 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 Home country talent development systems

37. Other Bodies Influencing and Promoting Physical Activity and Sporting Excellence

38. Government Initiatives Exam Tip 1 Key sporting bodies and orgs such as UK sport are not told what to do, however they are answerable to the DCMS due to the funding they receive. • Gifted and talented • JAE programme • Kite Marking • Activemark • Sportsmark • Partnerships Exam Tip 2 You can only be asked questions on material that is in the specification, so you will not get a question specifically about PESSCL strategy, you may have to identify current government initiatives. Exam Tip 3 There will be five parts to your AS Socio-cultural studies q’s. The Final part will be an extended 10 mark question. You have to ‘critically evaluate’, and therefore prove how you can think and make judgements.

39. Answers

40. Answers ctd

41. Excellence and Participation in UK Exam Tip You could be asked to name and explain each layer of the sports development pyramid in the examination. Ensure you can recall the ones beginning with ‘p’, candidates often get these confused. • Highly skilled/elite • Fully committed with high level support • Emphasis on winning and competing • District, county or regional commitment • School or club participation, recreational • Non-competitive extra curricular - enjoy • Introduction to sport-basic skills • Positive attitudes to physical activity The Sports Development Pyramid Mass Participation Sporting Excellence The continuum from mass participation to sporting excellence

42. Opportunity Provision Esteem ‘White Flight’ Are we ‘guided’ into sports due to our race? Do we avoid sports where our race has not traditionally or currently been represented? Ethnic Minorities Groups who are different in their ethnic origin from the majority of the population. Race The physical characteristics of an individual. • Stacking • This is where players are put into positions and sports on the basis of their ethnic background. ‘Self-fulfilling prophecies’ Countries may concentrate on a particular sport e.g. Kenyan and middle/long distance running.

43. Target Group

44. How do we get Equal Opportunities? Awareness Changing Attitudes Allocate Funding Adaption/Modification Access

45. Key Terms Myths– Untruths eg black males can’t swim and women can’t park cars. Attitudes: Outlooks, feelings or thought about something. Positive Discrimination– Favouritism Or special treatment for the focus Group in order to give them a chance Stereotyping– Typecasting, labelling or pigeonholing people. Social Exclusion– the negative result of factors such as low income, discrimination, poor housing etc that can put some communities at a disadvantage. Socialisation– the process by which people Learn acceptable cultural beliefs and behaviour including how to interact with people who are different to themselves.

46. Drugs Media Sponsorship and Violence in Sport "In the name of all competitors I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, committing ourselves to a sport without doping and without drugs, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honour of our teams."

47. Possible solutions to Drug Use • Stricter more rigorous out-of season testing • Stricter punishments and life bans • Co-ordinated education programmes for athlete and coach • More funding for testing programmes and scientific research • Unified policies across NGBs • Role models promoting drug free sport ET -If a question is asked for solution to the problem of drugs, make sure that you don’t list drug types, respond using the bullet points above.

48. Technology in Sport Exam Tip: Be aware of modern technological products are up-to-date, technical scientific or high-tech items that impact on sport. The impact is usually Considered to be good, but In some cases may increase The chance of injury Eg Football Boots

49. The roles of the media ET - If you are asked to critically evaluate the impact of the media on sport – it simply means that you should way up ( in good written form) the advantages and disadvantages of the media in sport eg additional funding for sport v rule changes and off-peak viewing times.

50. Media Golden Triangle -The Inter-relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media Sport and Media High level sport is a media commodity. Sport available 24/7 Media control over some sports Celebrities are created and role models can have +ive or –ive image Low profile sports get little attention so minimal sponsorship opportunities. Relationship can increase match fixing and other examples of deviance. Sport and Sponsorship Sponsorship increases popularity and stability of sport. Sport is a relatively inexpensive form of advertising. Money from sponsorship can help improve spectator provision. Powerful sports such as premier league football have some control over their sponsors Sponsorship and Media; When sports are covered by the media sponsorship ultimately Increases.