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The Late Middle Ages- 1250 to 1500 AD. The Black Death. 1347 -Year of Calamity. Erupted in the Gobi Desert in China and may be due to the LIA
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1347-Year of Calamity • Erupted in the Gobi Desert in China and may be due to the LIA • After killing around 35 million in Asia, the disease, later to be called the Black Death, enters Europe at an Italian sea port in Oct 1347. By September 1348, it was in England. It followed trade routes • At least 25 million people died in Europe; a third of England’s population
Rampant Plague • The Italian writer Boccaccio said its victims often "ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors in paradise." • No one understood about the fleas or hygiene • No medicine seemed to work • After the worst part was over (5 Years) the Plague continued for centuries thereafter sporadically and is still around today, but not active. According to one theory, most people have immunity today because their ancestors survived it. However, the plague was dormant before it’s eruption in 1347, so?
The only “cures” available • People burned all manner of incense: juniper, laurel, pine, beech, lemon leaves, rosemary, camphor, sulpher and others • Handkerchiefs were dipped in aromatic oils, to cover the face when going out. • Towns rang church bells to drive the plague away. Talismans, charms and spells were used as remedies.
Reactions of people to the Plague • The Flagellants-Bands of wandering people who whipped themselves to try and expiate the sins of Europe so God would call off the Plague • Eat, drink and be merry for tomorrow we die • Reassessment of faith placed in the Church • Scapegoating-Jews
Results of the Plague: • Shortage of Labor • More labor saving devices • Spiritual faith shaken • Church loses some respect and power • Relationships between the upper and lower classes change • Surviving workers can demand better wages • Class conflict • Open revolt
How would life be different if the Plague had never come to Europe in 1347? • For Europe? • For America? • For you?
Are there correlations with the Plague and any modern day events?
Medieval Guilds Guild Hall Commercial Monopoly: • Controlled membershipapprentice journeyman master craftsman • Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]. • Controlled prices
Vernacular Language • Latin is Language after Rome collapsed, at least for educated and upper classes • The peasants had their own languages which now become more accepted by everyone and are called vernacular. It is everyday speech. These languages are the roots of the words that Americans and Europeans speak today.
Thow seyst that droppyng houses, and eek smoke,And chidyng wyves maken men to flee Out of hir owene hous, a! benedicitee! What eyleth swich an old man for to chide? Thow seyst, we wyves wol oure vices hideTil we be fast, and thanne we wol hem shewe, Wel may that be a proverbe of a shrewe! You say that dripping eaves, and also smoke, And wives contentious, will make men to flee Out of their houses; ah, benedicite! What ails such an old fellow so to chide? You say that all we wives our vices hide Till we are married, then we show them well;That is a scoundrel's proverb, let me tell! Middle and Modern English Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
Dante -1265 • Latin was for scholarly work • However, he used language of Tuscan common people to write poetry and it became language of all Italy • The Divine Comedy or “when I write a book I am not going to change the names” • Story: Virgil and Beatrice guide Dante through hell, paradise and purgatory
Vernacular literature • Troubadours-lyrical poems set to music • National epics- The Song of Roland and The Ring Saga – about national heroes • Fabliaux-short comic mocking stories • Dramas-Mystery plays, morality plays,
Educational System • Monasteries and small schools in cities teach for a fee • Teacher’s guild is called universitas which is the basis of what word today?
Want to be a teacher in the 1200’s ? “Teachers could not leave the university, under penalty of death, or even go out of town without permission. They had to swear absolute obedience to the student-elected student rector, whoat the behest of the general assembly could pass or change any rule. The students collected the fees, paid the salaries, and issued the working rules; if the teacher cut a class, he was fined; likewise, if he could not draw five students, if heskipped a chapter or a difficulty, of if he kept on talking after the ringing of the bell. At any time the lecturer could be interrupted by a beadle summoning him to appear before the rector and learn of his misdeeds. As a historian of universities, Rashdall, puts it: "By means of the terrible power of boycotting which they could bringinto play against an offending professor, the student clubs were masters of the situation".”
Want to be a student in the 1200’s? • Constant violent fighting to settle debates • Money a huge problem • Students rooms were rented out to gain extra money: usually to prostitutes • All boys; 13 -15 years of age • Common reports of chaos in the classroom • Teacher had to be 20 • Teacher could beat lazy students • University ruled by cliques-led to constant manipulations, shady deals, lying, jealousy
Scholasticism- the marriage of faith and reason • Abelard-Pointed out many problems with Church writings and doctrine and argued that reason and faith were irreconcilable. A great rebel and made enemies every where he went. Got a Canon’s niece pregnant and was castrated. Did not leave the Church though. • Thomas Aquinas -Wrote how Church doctrine was logical and could be arrived at by faith and reason. Basis of Roman Catholic Church today.
Science • Minimal advancement in scholarly areas • Practical Knowledge increases • Winches, pulleys. ships, iron plows, yokes, windmills, waterwheels are all improved • Arabs preserved the Science of the Greeks but Europeans had little interest in it • Math and optics were of some interest • 1500’s Scientific exploration begins again
Romanesque Dark, dome, Heavy look and feel Low to the ground Frescos Relief sculpture Gothic Soaring spires More glass More light Spires Flying buttresses Color Statues of Holy Family and Saints Art and architecture
Gothic Flying Buttress
What did you say? I said we had 9 days, 20 hours and 53 seconds until the 100 years are up
Patriotism As manors decline, people’s loyalties shift to that of a larger unit, the city, then the kingdom. People begin to develop a national identity and the idea of a nation state is born. People are increasingly loyal to a country
The 100 Year’s War • Basically Edward II of England laid claim to the French throne and the French said not in this life. • Their respective offspring continued to have conflicts over this issue for about a 100 years
New weapons made larger scale war and longer range war easier Castles no longer as safe Knights could not win over longbows and gunpowder Smaller guns begin to be used and increases causalities Feudalism is getting its deathblow Parliament ‘s power grows because the King needs them to finance his wars. They obtain the power to approve all taxation The nobles are increasingly fewer and more dependent on the King Government is centralizing Church is losing more of its power Results of the War in England
Fought on their land Starvation and disease prevalent Kings lost some power as a result Infighting amongst the two branches of the royal family Burgundy and Orleans Joan Of Arc The French and the 100 years of War
Joan’s Martyrdom results in renewed Patriotism and France drives out the English
