Late Middle Ages

1. Late Middle Ages By the end of the High Middle Ages • Western European nations gained much of the shape by which we know them today • They became more stable and began concentrating on establishing stronger political structures

2. Power of the Church • While Roman Empire declined Church remained • Christendom: Control of all Christianity under Pope’s rule • Monasteries: • St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule ofpoverty, chastity, and obedience. • provide schools for upper class children. • hospitals, refuge in times of war. • libraries to copy books • monks  missionaries to the barbarians. • Missionaries succeeded in spreading Christianity

3. The Clergy Religious officials had different ranks within the church structure This graph is just like the one for Fuedalism; which was based off of what = power? What connections can you make between the two?

4. Power of the Church • Provided unifying set of spiritual beliefs & rituals • Created syst. of justice to guide ppls. conduct – • Cannon Law – the law of the church • excommunication = banishment • interdict – denial of sacraments (important religious ceremonies) • Ex. (baptism, last rights)

5. The Crusades

6. The Crusades The Crusades were a series of military campaigns during the time of Medieval England against the Muslims of the Middle East. In 1076, the Muslims had captured Jerusalem - the most holy of holy places for Christians. Jesus had been born in nearby Bethlehem and Jesus had spent most of his life in Jerusalem. He was crucified on Calvary Hill, also in Jerusalem. There was no more important place on Earth than Jerusalem for a true Christian which is why Christians called Jerusalem the "City of God".

7. What were they? • What are the Crusades? • Holy War • Pope Urban II responded to the request of Alexius I to take back the holy land from the Muslims • Urban II called for crusades against infidels • Infidels were the non believers = Muslims, Jews • Goal: • To regain the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims

8. Pope’s Goal • Wanted to show that he was the leader of all of Christendom • Reunite the Byzantine and Roman Christians • Wanted to be the head of all Christians

9. Knight’s Goal • Religious – forgiveness of sins • Win glory in battle • Rich plunder - riches

10. Merchant’s Goal • Wanted to control trade routes between Asia and Europe • Could charge the crusaders large sums of money for travel

11. The 1st Crusade • Crusaders were well prepared for war • Unprepared for what? • the desert (to Jerusalem) • For 2 years they suffered, but they were lucky • Muslims were fighting among themselves • Outcome • Finally captured Jerusalem • Slaughtered the Muslims • 1120’s, Muslims began to strike back which led to another Crusade

12. The 2nd Crusade • 2nd Crusade was a total failure • 1187, Jerusalem fell to Saladin • Sultan of Egypt & Syria • 3 important rulers then agreed to begin a third Crusade

13. The 3rd Crusade • The Kings’ Crusade • French King Philip Augustus • Caught a fever and went home • German Emperor Fredrick I (Barbarossa) • Fell from his horse in a river and drowned • English King Richard (the Lionheart) • Only one that continued • Found Saladin, Muslim ruler, to be chivalrous • Outcome • Agreed to a 3 year truce • Richard I negotiated a settlement with Saladin • Muslims controlled Jerusalem, but Christians could visit

14. The 6th Crusade • Most successful of the later crusades • Fredrick II met with Saladin’s nephew • Negotiated a treaty • The pope was not pleased • Said it was a pact with the devil • Excommunicated Fredrick • The Holy Land fell to the Muslims

15. Effects of the Crusades • Decline in papal prestige • Decline in the power of nobles = weakened feudal system • Decrease in Byzantine Power • Increase in religious intolerance • Increase in trade • Revival of Greek and Roman ideas

16. The Church Reforms:The Age of Faith Chapter 14 Section 1

17. The Age of Faith • A new age of religious feeling • Wanted to return to the basic principles of Christianity • Still problems troubled the church

18. Church Reforms • Marriage of priests • Marriage of priests was against church rule, but still happened all the time • Became a part of canon law • Stopped Simony • Simony: the buying and selling of church offices • If you spent money to get a position what would you expect to do with the position?

19. Church Reforms • Lay Investiture • Bishops went through a ceremony to receive their offices • Who should perform this ceremony? Noble (govt.) or Church Leader • Who ever controlled the ceremony controlled the offices

20. King Henry IV & Pope Gregory VII • Gregory becomes Pope and says that only pope can name bishops • Henry doesn’t agree – orders Gregory to step down • Gregory excommunicates Henry • Gregory orders an Interdict • Henry asks Popes forgiveness

21. Concordat of Worms • The church would give out the title of bishop • The Emperor had the power to grant the land that went with the office

22. Cathedrals • Romanesque: 1000 – 1100 • Like ancient Rome • Heavy and earthbound • Thick walls, with tiny windows let in little light • Rounded Arches. • Barrel vaults. • Thick walls. • Darker, simplistic interiors. • Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

23. Cathedrals • Gothic Style: p.381 • Tall thin walls with many windows • Ribbed vaults • Flying buttresses • Pointed arches • Tall Spires

24. Changes in Medieval Society

25. Setting the Stage • Church reform & Crusades taking place • B/w 1000 & 1300 other important changes: • Agriculture • Trade / Finance • Towns • Learning

26. Agriculture The Heavy Plow The Horse Collar The new horse collar: around chest not neck Oxen - slow but cheap Horses - faster, but harness choked them Result? Farmers could plow almost twice as much land • Old plow: only scratched top of ground • New plow: cut through deep dirt & turned it over • Result? • Can till more land

27. Agriculture • Three Field System • Early middle ages- “two field system” • “Three field system” • Result? • The got more food out of the land they used 1 crop fallow 1 crop 1 crop fallow

28. Agriculture: Results • What does all this mean? • used more land • in less time • used the land more effectively • Result: • There was a large increase in the amount of food produced • People lived better, and more people could be supported

29. Trade / Finance • Guild: organization of individuals in same business working to improve conditions of its members • Merchant Guilds – controlled all trade in the town • # of goods traded • Provided security in trading • Craft Guilds – controlled one industry • Enforced quality • Fixed the price • Training • Apprentice -> Journeyman -> Master • RESULT: • Guilds became powerful – influence over gov’t • Business increased – more money

30. Trade / Finance • Trade took place at fairs • When many people were in town, stalls set up • Result: • Many goods were available • From foreign lands • New trade routes • More and better products • Sold in small towns and cities

31. Ultimate Result: Population Growth • Population of Europe rose • 30 - 42 mil • Where did these people go? • People left the manor to go to towns

32. Towns • Town became centers of trade • Many ppl to town for trade & work = paid labor • Result: • New class of people emerged • Burghers • Merchant-class town dwellers • didn’t fit in feudal system • govern towns

33. Revival of Learning • Christian scholars visited libraries in Spain • What happened? • Greek works were found and translated • Result: • Europeans acquired a huge body of knowledge

34. Revival of Learning • Not like modern universities • they were just groups of scholars • Writers began to write in the Vernacular • Everyday language • How does this expand learning?

35. Revival of Learning • Problem with new knowledge • Revival of learning lead to interest in Ancient Greek works • Greeks were not Christians • Their knowledge wasn’t based on the Bible • Based on reasoning • Heresy? • How could a good Christian study this & still keep faith w/the Bible?

36. Aquinas • Thomas Aquinas – • Summa Theologiae • Applied logic to prove the teachings of the Christian Church VS

37. The End of the Middle Ages

38. The Great Schism – When & How • French King Philip IV (of France) fought with the pope • 1305 – College of Cardinals chose French pope • Move from Rome to Avignon • How many popes? • Each declared each other false • Excommunicated

39. Three Popes??? • In 1409 the church council elected a new pope that could unite the sides • but neither pope was willing to give up his power. • Thus, three popes were vying for authority over the church.

40. The Great Schism – Resolved/Effect • 1417 – Council of Constance was successful • elected a new pope to replace the 3 popes • the schism was healed • election of a single pope • Pope Martin V • Weakened the Church?? • "The papal office suffered the most; the pope's authority diminished as pious Christians became bewildered and disgusted."

41. The Two Johns: Wycliffe and Hus • How did these men challenge the church? • Jesus was the head of the church • Authority of the Bible was higher than the pope • How did the church respond? • Called them heretics • Burned at the stake

42. The Black Death

43. Key questions 3questions that will be asked during the course of the lesson; 1. What is the “Black Death”? 2. What caused the Black Death? 3. What were the consequences?

44. The plague arrives • The Plague arrived in England in 1348. • spread quickly through the south west. • Few villages escaped. • Churchyards were full with bodies. • By 1350, nearly the whole of Britain was infected with the plague. At the end of 1350 nearly two and a half million people were dead!

45. Where did the Black Death come from?

46. What were the symptoms of the plague?

47. What caused the plague? The question that you are probably thinking is this; Q: Who or what caused the Black Death? A: This is your answer! The Oriental Rat Flea! • The fleas sucked the rat’s blood which contained the plague germs. • When the rat died the fleas jumped on to humans, passed on the deadly disease.

48. Cures? • Medieval people didn’t know about germs causing disease. Didn’t understand the plague was spread by rats & fleas. • Thought that people’s bodies were poisoned. • If the swellings burst and the poison came out people sometimes survived. • It seemed sensible to draw out the poison. • Discuss the cures in groups.