The Late Middle Ages

1. The Late Middle Ages

2. The Church Reforms:The Age of Faith

3. The Age of Faith • A new age of religious feeling • Wanted to return to the basic principles of Christianity • Still problems troubled the church

4. Church Reforms • Marriage of priests • Marriage of priests was against church rule, but still happened all the time • Simony • Simony: the buying and selling of church offices • If you spent money to get a position what would you expect to do with the position?

5. Church Reforms • Lay Investiture • Bishops went through a ceremony to receive their offices • Who should perform this ceremony? Noble (govt) or Church Leader • Who ever controlled the ceremony controlled the offices

6. Bell Work • Fill out web about changes in Medieval Society. • Give examples of changes in each of the categories.

7. Changes in Medieval Society

8. Objectives • Students will be able to: • Appraise the changes in • agriculture • trade • towns/city life • learning from the beginning of the Middle Ages to the High Middle Ages.

9. Setting the Stage • Church reform & Crusades taking place • Between 1000 & 1300 other important changes: • Agriculture • Trade / Finance • Towns • Learning

10. Agriculture The Heavy Plow The Horse Collar The new horse collar: around chest not neck Oxen - slow but cheap Horses - faster, but harness choked them Result? Farmers could plow almost twice as much land • Old plow: only scratched top of ground • New plow: cut through deep dirt & turned it over • Result? • Can till more land

11. Agriculture • Three Field System • Early middle ages- “two field system” • “Three field system” • Result? • The got more food out of the land they used 1 crop fallow 1 crop 1 crop fallow

12. Agriculture: Results • What does all this mean? • used more land • in less time • used the land more effectively • Result: • There was a large increase in the amount of food produced • People lived better, and more people could be supported

13. Trade / Finance • Guild: organization of individuals in same business working to improve conditions of its members • Merchant Guilds – controlled all trade in the town • # of goods traded • Provided security in trading • Craft Guilds – controlled one industry • Enforced quality • Fixed the price • Supported members families • Training • Apprentice -> Journeyman -> Master • RESULT: • Guilds became powerful – influence over gov’t • Business increased – more money

14. Trade / Finance • Trade took place at fairs • When many people were in town, stalls set up • Result: • Many goods were available • From foreign lands • New trade routes • More and better products • Sold in small towns and cities

15. Ultimate Result: Population Growth • Population of Europe rose • 30 mil to 42 mil • Where did these people go? • People left the manor to go to towns

16. Towns • Town became centers of trade • Many ppl to town for trade & work = paid labor • Result: • New class of people emerged • Burghers • Merchant-class town dwellers • didn’t fit in feudal system • govern towns

17. Revival of Learning • Christian scholars visited libraries in Spain • What happened? • Greek works were found and translated • Result: • Europeans acquired a huge body of knowledge

18. Revival of Learning • Not like modern universities • they were just groups of scholars • Writers began to write in the Vernacular • Everyday language • How does this expand learning?

19. Revival of Learning • Problem with new knowledge • Revival of learning lead to interest in Ancient Greek works • Greeks were not Christians • Their knowledge wasn’t based on the Bible • Based on reasoning • Heresy? • How could a good Christian study this & still keep faith w/the Bible?

20. Aquinas • Thomas Aquinas – • Summa Theologiae • Applied logic to prove the teachings of the Christian Church VS

21. To Do: • Read “England and France Develop” • Complete the Cause & Effect chart for tomorrow

22. Bell Work • Read “The Norman Conquest” reading. • Write the main idea under each paragraph

23. The Norman Conquest The Rise of Nations & Strong Royal Governments

24. Objectives • Students will be able to analyze how the Norman Conquest led to • strong central governments • the formation of nations.

25. How It All Began… • Edward the Confessor (England) • dies…without an heir claims to the throne: • Harold Godwinson (Eng) • William Duke of Normandy (Fr)

26. Rightful Claim to the Throne? Harold Godwinson William of Normandy Claims promised the throne by Edward gratitude for saving Eng from being conquered by the Danes French Norman by culture • English Noble • Supported by the English nobility • known as Witan • assembly of the king's counselors

27. Crowning of a king • Who has the rightful claim to the throne? • Who has the support of the powerful nobles? • The Witan support Godwinson & declare him to be the rightful heir

28. Battle for England • Battle of Hastings • Harold Godwinson vs. William of Normandy

29. Battle of Hastings • Godwinson should have won • Shield Wall • His troops are weakened by prior battle • Takes an arrow to the eye!!! • Normans won a decisive victory

30. After the Victory • William declared all Eng. his personal property • But he is French/Norman • Still Duke of Normandy • (vassal in France) • What did this do? • set up Eng & Fr for hundreds of years worth of warfare as the ruling families of each kingdom battled for control of both countries

31. Causes of the 100 Years' War

32. 1. Controversy Over Succession • The French nobility selected Philip of Valois, • He was chosen in preference to King Edward III of England, whose mother was the daughter of the late king, Philip IV. • In 1340, Edward claimed the title “King of France.”

33. Fr. Land Belonging to Eng. Kings • lands w/in Fr. belonged to English kings. • War: a series of short raids w/few major battles, marked off by truces or ineffective treaties. • Fr. eventually won

34. The Effects of the War • The Longbow as a Weapon • Arrows had more penetrating power. • Could pierce inch of wood or the armor of a knight at 200 yards! • Longbow could be fired more rapidly. • 6 arrows per minute.

35. The Effects of the War • Joan of Arc – Nationalism • Reported regular visions of divine revelation. • Her “voices” told her to go to the king and assist him in driving out the English. • She dressed like a man and was Charles’ most charismatic and feared military leader! • She brought inspiration and a sense of national identity and self-confidence.

36. Objectives • Students will be able to explain how the Democratic form of government was implemented and adopted into Western Europe. • Students will be able to analyze the importance of a democratic government.

37. Beginnings of Democracy      “It has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried.”   - Winston Churchill

38. England & France Develop a Democracy • Beginnings of Democracy England and France were just beginning to establish a democratic tradition. To build a democracy, the following steps needed to happen: • setting up a centralized government that would be able to govern widespread lands. 2. The creation of common law and court systems was a first step toward increased central government power. 3. Including commoners in the decision-making process of government was also an important step in the direction of democratic rule.

39. Rule of William the Conqueror • allof England to be his personal property • gave fiefs to 200 lords who swore loyalty Result: • This made England the most centralized feudal kingdom in Europe • power held by one central authority

40. Rule of Henry II • Est. a court syst. w/traveling judges • Job of judges • collect taxes • settle lawsuits • punish crimes Result: • Judges eventually developed a body of laws called COMMON LAW • laws that apply to everyone

41. John & the Magna Carta • Not popular • Lost land • Cruel • High taxes • Nobles revolted • Signed the Magna Carta • Guaranteed rights • No taxes w/o representation • Jury trial

42. Edward I • Needed taxes • Called people from each city • Became PARLIAMENT • Legislative body • Over the next century • Called them when in need of taxes • House of Commons

43. End Result: England • England united • Quickly • Why? • England was Centralized

44. Capetian Dynasty in Fr How it started End Result: France Will be united, eventually Much slower process The power of the king gradually increased The growth of this royal power would eventually united France • 1stCapetian kings were weak • Started out as feudal lords, but slowly spread their power out from France • Through trade

45. The End of the Middle Ages

46. Objectives: • Students will be able to explain how the Middle Ages came to an end and the importance of the Middle Ages. • Students will be able to compare and contrast the early Middle Ages from the Late Middle Ages.

47. The Great Schism – When & How • French King Philip IV (of France) fought with the pope • 1305 – College of Cardinals chose French pope • Move from Rome to Avignon • How many popes? • Each declared each other false • Excommunicated

49. Three Popes??? • In 1409 the church council elected a new pope that could unite the sides • but neither pope was willing to give up his power. • Thus, three popes were vying for authority over the church.

50. The Great Schism – Resolved/Effect • 1417 – Council of Constance was successful • elected a new pope to replace the 3 popes • the schism was healed • election of a single pope • Pope Martin V • Weakened the Church?? • "The papal office suffered the most; the pope's authority diminished as pious Christians became bewildered and disgusted."