AP World History

1. AP World History From Human Pre-history to the Early Civilization Chapter 1

2. What is prehistory? The things that happened to humans before their was written records. It is a lot like a vast black space penetrated by only an occasional pinpoint of light, representing our current knowledge.

3. Definitions of civilization Elements: • Urban, monumental building, writing, specialized, occupations • Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers. • Homo sapiens by 10,000 B.C.E. • larger brain • tools, weapons Developments by 12,000 B.C.E.: • Hunting-gathering • Art • Spread to Europe, Asia, Australia, the Americas.

4. The development of human creatures. A human like creature, or hominid, was walking about in East Africa more than 5.5 million years ago, by latest reckoning.

5. What is the difference between a human and an ape? Deviations in bone structures of the foot and hand, the size of the brain, and the use of language.

6. The Paleolithic Age The appearance of the first tool making hominids about 10,000 B.C.E. Also known as the Old Stone Age. (paleo = old; lithos = stone) Seventeen varieties of hominid evolved. All of them became extinct between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago.

8. Human Life before Agriculture Paleolithic Culture : • Old Stone Age to 14,000 Y.A. • Homo sapiens sapiensc. 240,000, Y.A. Late Paleolithic Developments: • Variety • Bands of hunter-gatherers • Agricultural settlements Gender division of labor: • Men: hunting, fishing, defense • Women: gathering, making medicine • Spread from Africa c. 750,000 Y.A.

9. Neanderthal Man Flourished in Western Germany about 30,000 years ago and then disappeared about the same time that Homo Sapiens appeared in Europe. EXTINCT

10. What is civilization? “Civilization is a movement and not a condition, a voyage and not a harbor.” (Arnold J. Toynbee) A complex, developed culture usually associated with specific achievements.

11. How did civilization begin? People began to grow food instead of chasing or gathering food. This began to happen about (8000-5000 B.C.E) *The Agricultural Revolution.

13. What does stationary agriculture do for a society? CREATES Urban living. Law. Government officials. Writing. Military forces. Socioeconomic classes.

14. What are the four river societies where civilizations began? Mesopotamia. (Fertile Crescent) Nile River Valley. Indus River valley. Yellow River valley.

15. Results of the Agricultural Revolution. A steadily expanding population that lived in permanent settlements. It created the concept of “mine versus thine.” Privately owned property. Specialization of jobs and labor.

17. The Neolithic Revolution – 8000 to 3500 B.C.E. The Spread of the Neolithic Revolution: • Hunting-and-gathering persists • Pastoralism Sub-Saharan Africa: • root and tree crops Northern China: • Millet • Rice • Southeast Asia, to China, India, islands Mesoamerica, Peru: • Maize, manioc, sweet potatoes • Bronze Age Spread of Agriculture:

18. ÇatalHüyük • c. 7000 B.C.E., southern Turkey. • Large fortress like complex. • Agriculture and commerce • Shrines. • Specialization of labor.

19. Metal and Its Uses: First metal used by humans seems to have been copper. Bronze came next for weapons, art, and tools. (Called the Bronze Age 7000 to 1500 B.C.E) Iron is the key metal of history. The Hittites learned to smelt iron in 1200 B.C.E. Iron is more common, stronger, durable, and sharper then bronze.

20. Aspects of civilizations? Cities: • writing • political organization Writing: • cuneiform Nomads: (Picture) • Herding society • Sustenance existence • War like

23. Mesopotamian Civilizations Tigris-Euphrates Civilization: • Mesopotamia Sumerians: • from 3500 B.C.E. • Alphabet, Cuneiform writing • City-states, • Ziggurats, Human Sacrafice. • Religion,Polytheistic. • Priesthood,gods were cruel and unpredictable. • No Trace of Ethics. Akkadians: • Babylonians • Hammurabi code • Spread Sumerian Culture

24. Sumerian Government • City States

25. Why are the Sumerians important? • Built the first large cities up to 100,000 people. • First sophisticated system of writing. • Invented the wheel as a load bearing device. • First to use sun baked clay bricks. • First to use the plow, and gravity flow irrigation system.

26. Sumerians and Math: Set time • 60 minutes. • 60 seconds. • The 360 degree circle stems from the Sumerians. • Much of what we know of Geometry and Trigonometry was expanded by the Sumerians.

28. Epic of Gilgamesh • First Epic Poem. • Story of Garden of Eden. • Story of the Flood. • Gilgamesh searches for the secret of immortal life. • The Gods jealous of his power defeat him.

29. Hammurabi Babylonian King who took steps to control the Mesopotamian region. Compiled the first known code of law. The laws had been around for years. The laws attempted to bring equality to the weak and cause justice to prevail in the land.

30. Criminal Law Vengeance was no longer a personal thing but a thing controlled by the state. Established punishments for offenses against others such as robbery, assault, and murder.

31. Civil Law This branch of law deals with private rights and matters, such as business contracts, taxes, marriage, and divorce.

32. African Civilizations Egyptian Civilization: (MAP) • Pharaoh • Pyramids • from 2700 B.C.E. • Kush (Picture)

33. Cracking the Hieroglyphic Code Napoleon’s military found the Rosetta Stone when they invaded Egypt in 1799 during the Napoleonic Wars. He ordered ink impressions from the stone sent to European scholars. The Stone contained three languages. Made it possible to translate Egyptian Hieroglyphics.

37. The Hittites Developed the ability to work iron. Iron was more common then copper or bronze. Iron was sharper and harder then bronze. The Hittites were able to arm more men because of the cheap Iron. They soon invaded Mesopotamia. The empire collapsed and iron use spread.

38. The AssyriansThe Terror Kings By 1100 B.C.E Learned to forge iron weapons and invaded their neighbors. They gained the reputation as the most ruthless people in all of Mesopotamia. “The city and its houses, from top to bottom, I destroyed and burned with fire.” Babylon destroyed by the Assyrians

40. A Nomadic People Abraham migrated from Mesopotamia to the land of Canaan. The land of Canaan was controlled by the Egyptians. The Hebrews fled to Egypt during a great famine. Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt and back to Canaan.

41. The Kingdom of Israel By 1000 B.C.E the Israelites had set up a kingdom with Saul as the first king. King David further expanded the Kingdom and was successful in conquering Jerusalem, which then became the Hebrew capital. Solomon David’s son built the famous Temple of Jerusalem. Solomon was the most famous Jewish King but also was not liked for his high taxes.

42. One True God The beliefs of the Israelites differed in that they were Monotheistic. With this belief came a belief that they were gods chosen people.

43. Sea People Invasions • Phoenicians • Alphabet from 1300 B.C.E.

45. http://www.salimbeti.com/micenei/sea.htm

48. Indian River Valley Civilizations Indus River: • Harappa, MohenjoDaro • Indo-Europeans

49. Earliest Indian Civilization Mohenjo-Daro was first Indian civilization. We know little of this first culture. We do know that their cities had massive populations even as large as those of Sumer. This civilization lasted 1000 years then just faded away.

50. City Planning The cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were both planned cities. Very large Three miles in circumference. Wide roads, city walls. Strong government. Strong leaders.