World History AP

1. World History AP Chapter 22 Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800

2. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Land based empires cost more to defend; fewer choices for expansion; emphasis on agriculture & political centralization. • Disadvantage in competition

3. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Society of Jesus (Jesuits) • Francis Xavier, Matteo Ricci brought Catholicism and European ideas to Japan & China, and ideas & info. from Eurasia to Europe.

4. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • The Portuguese, the Spanish, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) & the East India Company of England opened new trade avenues with the east.

5. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • New state – Muscovy. Absorbed former Kievan state, Novgorod, khanates of Kazan & Astrakhan & northern Caucasus region in east. Led by Ivan IV (Tsar)

7. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Russian aristocracy (boyars) overthrew Muscovite rulers and established the Romanov line in 1613. Continued Eastern expansion.

8. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Peter the Great – wanted port, built St. Petersburg. Wanted to westernize Russia. Undermined the boyars & controlled Russian Orthodox Church.

9. Peter the Great

10. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Expansion in America driven by search for fur. Russians dominated fur & shipping in North Pacific. • Catherine the Great (r.1762-1796) built empire on agriculture, furs, fishing, logging

11. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Late Ming problems (global): drop in temperature numerous events. May also caused Mongol & Manchu to take Ming lands. • New World silver & inflation.

12. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • More problems: disorder & inefficiency in industrial sector, no growth in agricultural productivity & low population growth.

13. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Increased threats on Ming borders by new Mongol confederation. Lost $$ when they helped Korea defeat Japanese invasion. Riots in Southwest, pirates in SE.

14. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Rebel forces led by Li Zicheng overthrew the Ming in 1644, and the Manchu Qing Empire entered Beijing, restored order & claimed China as its own.

15. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Manchu imperial family ruled Qing empire. Majority of the population was Chinese. • Qing fostered foreign trade & overland communication.

16. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Qing conquered Central Asia gaining access to Afghanistan horses, coal, iron, gold & silver. • Eliminated danger of Mongols.

17. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Kangxi (r.1662-1722) Expanded territory & stabilized empire. Qing willing to learn from Mongolians, Tibetans, …Jesuits.

18. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Qing wanted to expand trade, but needed to control it to tax efficiently & control piracy & smuggling. • Single market point for each foreign sector.

19. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • British saw Qing as limiting their ability to make profits. • Sent Lord Macartney to open diplomatic relations and revise the trade system.

20. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Russians transitioned to sea exploration & colonization which destroys the status quo between Russia & China.

21. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Peace and increased agricultural productivity led to Chinese population explosion and environmental stress.

22. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Population grew but not the number of officials. Qing depended on local officials who maintained order but couldn’t do much else.

23. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Qing investment in new industries was limited. Focus moved to taxing foreign trade to increase revenues.

24. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • New Shogun: Tokugawa Ieyasu. • Rewarded loyalty w/land. • Emperor had no political power.

25. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Developed well-spaced urban centers in all regions. • Result: good transportation infrastructure and commerce.

26. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Successful new merchant class allied with lords and the shogun. • Wealthy families held key to modernization, industry.

27. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Rural rebellions blamed on Christianity. • Results: persecution, ban on Christianity, & in 1649, closing of Japan’s borders.

28. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Closed country policy intended to prevent foreign influences, not knowledge. • “Dutch Studies” • Outer lords…Inner lords.

29. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Pop. growth in central Japan strained agricultural sector. • Economic growth outstripped pop. growth in the outer provinces.

30. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Shogunate needs to control price of rice & interest rates, but can’t. • Samurai and regional lords are dependent on merchants to extend credit.

31. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • Merchants at low social status; Shogunate found it hard to regulate their activities. Merchants enjoy new freedom & become influential.

32. Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800 • “Forty-seven Ronin” incident demonstrates problem of making the military obey civil law to build standardized law system.

33. Conclusion • 2 land-based empires competed for the same resources. Kept their pop. In agricultural sector without the right of ownership.

34. Conclusion • Qing had limited exposure to European contact & ideas • Russia had unlimited exposure, accepted military technology, rejected any liberal policies.

35. Conclusion • Japan – decentralized. Tokugawa allowed variety of policies, gave lords incentive to develop lands, stimulated merchants & local enterprises.