AP World History

1. AP World History

2. Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to 600 BCE • Humans emerge from Africa, spread around the globe • Adaptations (control of fire, increasingly sophisticated tools) allow us to thrive in varied environments • Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic Eras • Use of stone tools, then bronze, then iron

3. Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to 600 BCE • Societies: • Hunter-gatherers • Pastoral nomads • Agriculturalists (after the Neolithic Revolution)

4. Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to 600 BCE • Technology/adaptations: • Agriculture • Domestication • Metallurgy • Human-Environment Interactions: • Irrigation/water control • Domesticated plants • Large animal extinctions

5. Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to 600 BCE • First civs develop in river valleys: • Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates) • Egypt (Nile) • India (Indus) • China (Huang He) • Later, in Sub-Saharan Africa, Papua New Guinea, the Andes, Mesoamerica

6. Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to 600 BCE • Monumental Architecture: • Pyramids • Ziggurats • Temples • Defensive walls • Sewer systems • Streets/roads

7. Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to 600 BCE • Early forms of record keeping: • Cuneiform • Hieroglyphics • Glyph writing • Pictographs • Alphabets • Quipu/khipu

8. New worldviews: animism/shamanism Vedic religion (India) Judaism Zoroastrianism (Persia) Trade interactions: Egypt and Nubia Mesopotamia and Indus Valley Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to 600 BCE

9. Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, 600 BCE to 600 CE • Worldviews develop/evolve: • Judaism • Vedic religion becomes Hinduism • Confucianism, Daoism in China • Buddhism in India • Greek and Roman pantheons • Christianity • Ancestor veneration

10. Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, 600 BCE to 600 CE • Key States and Empires: • Persia • Achaemenid (550 BCE-350 BCE) – Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes; Royal Road, Persepolis, Greco-Persian Wars; defeated by Alexander the Great • Parthian (247 BCE-284 CE) – trade w/ Rome, Han China • Sassanid (224-651 CE) – defeated by Arab Muslims; heavy influence on the caliphates

11. Qin dynasty China (221-206 BCE) Unified China under Shi Huangdi Legalism developed by Han Feizi Great Wall Han dynasty China (206 BCE-220 CE) Liu Bang Silk Road trade w/Rome, Parthia Confucianism Civil service Threats from Xiongnu nomads Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, 600 BCE to 600 CE

12. Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, 600 BCE to 600 CE • Maurya and Gupta India • Maurya (321-180 BCE)- unified by Chandragupta Maurya, greatest leader was Ashoka; trade, state spread of Buddhism • Gupta (320-550 CE)- Chandra Gupta II, Golden Age, use of Arabic numerals, decimals, 0 and pi in math

13. Ancient Greece dominated by the polis (Athens, Sparta, etc.) Development of aristocracy, democracy Draco, Solon, Cleisthenes, Pericles Slavery, colonization of Mediterranean region Persian Wars (Battles of Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis); Peloponnesian Wars (Sparta defeats Athens) Culture Greek mythology Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Architecture Literature: Homer (Iliad and Odyssey) Poetry History Drama Comedy – Aristophanes Tragedy – Sophocles, Euripides, Aeschylus Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, 600 BCE to 600 CE

14. Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, 600 BCE to 600 CE • Hellenistic Empire – Alexander the Great • spread Greek culture throughout Mediterranean and Central Asia • At his death Alexander’s empire divided into 3 kingdoms: • Antigonid (Greece and Macedonia) • Seleucid (Bactria, Anatolia) • Ptolemaic (Egypt)

15. Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, 600 BCE to 600 CE • Rome (509 BCE-476 CE) • Gov’ts: monarchy, republic, empire • Classes: patricians, plebeians, slaves; paterfamilias led the family • Laws of the Twelve Tables; Latin language; Aenead, aqueducts and roads connecting all parts of the empire, circuses, Colosseum, gladiators • Defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars • Leaders: Cincinnatus, Sulla, Marius, the Gracchi, Julius Caesar, Augustus, Caligula, Nero, Marcus Aurelius • Pax Romana, Silk Road trade with Han China • Polytheistic; Edict of Milan (313 CE) allows practice of Christianity • Split by Diocletian into Eastern and Western halves – capitals at Rome and Constantinople • Weak leaders, barbarian invasions, economic problems lead to collapse of the Western half of empire; Eastern half continues as the Byzantine Empire

16. Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, 600 BCE to 600 CE • Mesoamerica • Teotihuacan (100 BCE-750 CE) – huge city, w/pyramids and priestly elite • Maya • Olmec • Moche and Chavin in South America

17. Major trade routes flourish: Silk Roads- Rome, Parthia, Gupta India, Han China Indian Ocean trade Trans-Saharan trade (gold! salt!) Mediterranean sea lanes New tech allows long-distance travel: Yokes, stirrups, saddles Domestication of horses, camels, oxen, llamas Dhows and lateen sails for ships Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, 600 BCE to 600 CE

18. Key Trade Routes