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Classical Rome

Classical Rome. Greece & Rome. Greece. Rome. Roman Republic & Empire. Roman gods and goddesses. Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, and Venus Very similar to the Greek gods and goddesses!. Locations and Places.

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Classical Rome

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  1. Classical Rome

  2. Greece & Rome Greece Rome

  3. Roman Republic & Empire

  4. Roman gods and goddesses • Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, and Venus • Very similar to the Greek gods and goddesses!

  5. Locations and Places • Rome: Centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers • Italian Peninsula • Alps: Protection • Mediterranean Sea: Protection, sea-borne commerce

  6. Roman Republic & Empire

  7. Days of the Week • MondayLuna (Luna) • TuesdayMars (Mars) • WednesdayMercurius (Mercury) • ThursdayIuppiter (Jupiter) • FridayVenus (Venus) • SaturdaySaturnus (Saturn) • SundaySôl (Sol)

  8. Some Roman Contributions • Architectural • Concrete/mortar/cement • Efficient highway system • Mass entertainment • Aqueducts and viaducts • Thermal baths, central heating and floor heating • Wine-making • Roman alphabet • Latin language and descendants • Roman legal • The Republic & Senate • The Julian Calendar • Festivals • The 3 course meal

  9. Roman Military

  10. Warm Up: • Where is Rome (the city) located? • Roman Religion is based on what other classical-age civilization? • Rome is centrally located in the ________________ Basin.

  11. Social Structure • Patricians: Powerful nobility (few) • Plebeians: Regular Citizens (many) • Slaves: Not based on race

  12. Citizenship • Patrician and plebeian men • Selected foreigners • Rights and responsibilities of citizenship • Military service • Taxes

  13. Democracy: • Representative democracy – What is it? • Assemblies – decided elections • The Senate • Consuls – Highest elected government officials • Laws of Rome codified as Twelve Tables

  14. Review: • Who could be a Roman Citizen? • How was slavery decided? • Name the two social classes of citizens. • Rome is centrally located in the ______________ Basin.

  15. The Twelve Tables • What are each of these laws all about? • Why do you think each of these laws were written?

  16. Warm Up: • What was the name of that Roman Law Code that we examined last class? • Rome is known for beginning what kind of democracy? • Rome had a senate and 2 __________ that were at the head of the government. • What do you think happens when you have a bunch of politicians in the same room for a long period of time?

  17. Founding of Rome –The Roman Race • The tale of Aeneas (The Aeneid) • Dido at Carthage and other travels (like The Odyssey) • Historical evidence • Settlements from 11th Century BC

  18. Founding of Rome –The City (Kingdom) of Rome • Romulus and Remus • Latin princess was Vestal virgin • Raped by Mars, bore twin boys • Ordered killed by non-Latin king • Suckled by a wolf • Grew and founded a city (753BC) • Romulus killed Remus • Historic Evidence • The Etruscans conquered the Romans (non-Latin king) • Romans eventually overthrew Etruscans and established kingdom • Ruins of home of king (Romulus?) date from 8th Century BC

  19. Founding of Rome Myth: 771 BCE Romulus and Remus -Twin sons of the God of War, Mars

  20. Founding of Rome • Reality: Probably Greek Colonists…

  21. Etruscans Romans have many periods of war and peace with the Etruscans. Tarquin the Proud: Last Etruscan King Rome will continue to expand and evolve for the next couple hundred years…

  22. Regal Period • Began with war of independence from Etruscans (500 BC) • War heroes exhibit desired qualities of Romans • Horatio at the bridge (Oath of the Horatii by Jacques Louis David) • Stories became legends for Romans throughout their history • Compare to American War of Independence • Regal period • Ruled by 7 kings • Revolted against last king to found the republic

  23. Roman Republic

  24. Republican Government • Ruled by a senate and the people • SPQR= Senate and the People of Rome • Senate (patricians) appointed consuls (1 year) • Foreign affairs and the military • Direct access by the people to the consul • People (plebs) organized by tribes and they elected 10 tribunes • Governed local affairs • Had veto power (individually)

  25. Constitution(balanced power) • Senate • Never made laws but advice was accepted • Had power to appoint a person to solve a specific problem (He was a "speaker" or "dictator") • Appointed censors (moral guardian/rank judge) • Appointed governors • Conciliumplebis • Made all the laws (called plebecites) • Elected magistrates (administrators) and judges • Comitia Curiata/Centuriata – plebs and patricians • Committed the emporium (military power) • All met in the forum (looked over each other) • PontifexMaximus • Religious leader

  26. Government Comparisons with US government • Balance of power • Senate and House of Representatives • Consul (= president) • Tribune (veto power) • Courts (independent) • Military power (?) • Censor (?)

  27. Military Organization • Centuries — 100 armed men • Headed by Centurian (from the ranks) • Maniples—3 Centuries • Could move quickly through difficult terrain (better than phalanx) • Independent decisions (tribunes) • Legions—groups of Maniples • 6000 men • Supported by light cavalry • Discipline • Death for individual insubordination • Decimation for cowardice

  28. Warm Up: • Explain how the Roman Republic and our government in the USA are similar.

  29. Roman Expansion (in Italy) • Conquest of Italy • Took 200 years • Granted full or partial citizenship • Tax and legal benefits • Developed loyalty in conquered Italian areas • Invasion by King Pyrrhus (pyrrhic victory) • Roman colonies • Established in strategic locations • Established by treaty • Troops sent when needed • Customs of the area left intact • Colonies were mostly for trade, with some military purposes

  30. Roman Expansion (outside Italy) • Conquest of the East and West • Allies rather than servants or slaves • Toleration • Corruption in the Greek kingdoms • Some states given to the Romans • Fast, direct attacks with strong determination and discipline • Outnumbered in most battles • Victory over Parthia

  31. Punic Wars: Rome vs. Carthage 264–146b.c. [b.c.e.] • Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade. • Hannibal invaded the Italian Peninsula. • Three wars: • Roman victory • Destruction of Carthage • Expanded trade and wealth for Rome

  32. Evolution of the Roman Military SUCCESS: Disciplined troops Varied Types of Troops Well- Paid Experienced

  33. Warm Up: • How many Punic Wars were there? • Who were these wars between? • Why did these two sides fight? • What were the overall results?

  34. Collapse of the Republic • Violence used to eliminate enemies and impose one’s will • Gracchus • Re-election to consulate (many times) and standing army • Marius • Assumption of dictator powers, use of the army to override councils, proscription list • Sulla

  35. Building an Empire • Structure of the "empire" • Still a republican form of government • Checks and balances • Two parties emerged • Optimares (conservatives, Cato and Cicero) • Populares (power to people) • Family • Values (according to the Romans) • Piety • Discipline • Frugality • Not greedy • Righteous wars • Never quit

  36. Building an Empire • Status of Women • Absence of men at war • Women gained economic power • Ability to divorce and retain property • Morals eventually eroded, in part because home-life eroded

  37. Building an Empire • Slavery • Conquests increased the number of slaves • Constituted 40% of the population • Conditions were poor • Romans feared slave uprising • Slaves took jobs from the plebs so plebs were given food and other benefits

  38. Julius Caesar • First triumvirate: Caesar, Crassus, Pompey • Julius Caesar: Seizure of power, assassinated

  39. Julius Caesar100-44 BC • Early Life • Born to aristocratic family • Caesarian section • Legend that he descended from the gods • Known for partying and sexual appetite • Captured by pirates and held for ransom • Returned to area and killed pirates • Appointed to a series of government jobs • Statue of Alexander

  40. Julius Caesar • Triumvirate • Praised for his work in Spain • Appointed governor in Gaul (conquest) • Alliance with Crassus and Pompey to form the triumvirate (not initially, but later elected) • Rivalry with Pompey after death of Crassus • Crossing the Rubicon • Uprising in Asia • Veni, vidi, vici—I came, I saw, I conquered • Conquest of Egypt • Cleopatra

  41. Julius Caesar • Returned to Rome as a conquering hero • Procession for each territory on a different day (Gaul, Africa, Spain, Asia) and games for many additional days • Offered crown (as emperor) twice and refused it when people didn't respond favorably • Dictator (rule by one man) • Appointed for 10 years and then for life • Caesar’s plans for Rome • Calendar (July) • Libraries, theaters, other public works • Gave citizenship to people in Spain and Gaul

  42. Julius Caesar • Murder of Caesar • Killed by senatorial opponents • Instigated by his usurpation of power and their fear that he would become emperor • Died March 15, 44 BC • Stabbed by 20 senators • Brutus—illegitimate son • Mark Anthony and Octavian • Rallied against the conspirators

  43. Roman Republic • Rome conquered Greece 150 BC • Romans took on much Greek culture • Gods and goddesses parallel each other • Gods had Indo-European roots

  44. Building an Empire • Economics • Not enough land to support the people • Farmers were needed and respected • Acquisition of wheat and other foods became a priority • Victory over Carthage provided more land • Rome was a consumer • Trading profits made many Romans rich • Extremes of wealth and poverty • Citizens did not have to pay taxes

  45. Warm Up • What does the diagram show? This PROCESS known as the _____________ ______________!

  46. Archaeology • Archaeologists follow a similar process when dealing with ancient artifacts!

  47. Primary Sources • Term used to describe material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. • In other words…

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