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INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LIVING ORANISMS

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LIVING ORANISMS. Universals, Diversity, Classification. A. What Makes Something Alive?. All Living organisms share approximately 7 basic characteristics:

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INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LIVING ORANISMS

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LIVING ORANISMS Universals, Diversity, Classification

  2. A. What Makes Something Alive? All Living organisms share approximately 7 basic characteristics: • Order: Living organisms consist of 1 or more cells with highly ordered structures. Unit of life = cell. But there are many different kinds of cells (diversity).

  3. Levels of Biological Organization: Continued Population: All of the individual organisms of a species living within a specific area at a specific time constitute Community: A set of populations that inhabit a particular area Ecosystem: All of the living organisms in a particular area, along with all of the nonliving components of the environment with which it interacts. Biosphere: All of the ecosystems on earth that are inhabited by life. Includes most regions of land, most bodies of water, and the atmosphere to an altitude of several kilometers.

  4. Order: Hierarchy a) Atoms: smallest unit of element which is still recognized as that element; used to construct • Molecules: 2 or more atoms… which are used to construct • Cellular organelles: subcellular structures that have specific functions…. which are contained in • Cells: An assemblage of (a), (b), or (c) . Cells are the smallest units of life. Which make up… • Tissues: many cells with the same structure, developmental pattern, and function and when combined form … • Organs: Several different tissues organized into one structure for a specific function. Several organs working together make up…. • Organ System: Several different organs organized for a specific process • Organism: An individual member of a species.

  5. Molecule: Chlorophyll

  6. Organelles: Chrloroplast

  7. Cells with chloroplasts and cell walls

  8. Tissues: Epidermis, Mesophyll, etc.

  9. Organ: Leaf

  10. Organism: Tree

  11. Summary: Hierarchy of living components

  12. Order: Sunflower

  13. Order: Nautilus shell

  14. Order

  15. 2. Reproduction • All Living organisms are capable of reproduction and they all possess hereditary molecules (DNA) which are passed to offspring. Continuity of life is based on heritable information. • Living organisms store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. • DNA of genes indirectly controls the production of proteins. The library of genetic information is called the genome.

  16. Reproduction

  17. 3. Growth and Development: Inherited information carried by genes controls the pattern of growth and development

  18. 4. Energy Processing • All living organisms take in energy and transform this energy to do many kinds of work. Sunlight used by green plants to power ATP synthesis. Organic compounds used by other organisms to generate ATP (which is the energy currency of living organisms) in cellular respiration. Some organisms use inorganic compounds to generate ATP (chemoautotrophs). To do any of this, organisms must interact with their environments.

  19. Energy Acquisition

  20. 5. Respond to their environment: Exhibit Sensitivity

  21. 6. Homeostasis/ Regulation • All living organisms maintain relatively constant internal conditions, usually through negative feedback systems. e.g. a) temperature (behaviorally; metabolically), b) pH c) blood sugar d) oxygen Some processes are regulated by positive feedback (clotting, birth).

  22. Regulation: The regulation of blood flow through the blood vessels of the jackrabbit’s ears helps maintain a constant body temperature by adjusting heat exchange with the surrounding air.

  23. Evolutionary Adaptation: Overarching Theme of biology • All living organisms are adapted to their environment. E.g. Organisms living in arid climates have adaptations to minimize water loss. Many organisms blend in with their environment. Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization. • Such adaptations evolve over many generations by the reproductive success of those individuals with heritable traits that are best suited to their environments.

  24. Adaptation: Ptarmigan

  25. Adaptation: Seahorse, Poorwill

  26. Other Themes in Biology New properties EMERGE at each level in the biological hierarchy. Emergent properties are those that arise from the interaction of component parts, i.e. the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Examples: Surface tension is a property that emerges from the interaction of water molecules; consciousness is a property that emerges from the interaction of nerve cells in the brain. Life itself is an emergent property!

  27. Strategies that we will use to try to analyze living organisms. • Reductionism: the reduction of complex systems to simpler components. http://www.ted.com/talks/drew_berry_animations_of_unseeable_biology?language=en 2. Systems Biology: examining a combination of components that function together. Goal: to construct models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems. Models have predictive value.

  28. B. What is an organism’s basic unit of structure and function? • Cell – simplest structure (know the 3 components of the cell theory) • Exceptions to the theory that all living organisms are made up of cells include a) viruses b) cardiac muscle cells which are multinucleate (a whole Phylum of fungi too!) c) unicellular organisms because they perform all of life’s functions (metabolism, response, homeostasis, growth, reproduction and nutrition) without cellular specialization

  29. Living? Viruses

  30. Evolution connection: • Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell and # and type of genes (E. coli ~ 4,300, Homo sapiens 24,000 protein coding genes, less than 2% of the entire human genome; Wheat 94 – 96,000 genes) • Important points: All of the data suggest that life probably only arose once and so, if you are able to go back far enough, every species will share a common ancestor. (Endosymbiosis http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_24) • Genes in common: for cell replication, DNA replication, protein synthesis, cell respiration. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/G/GenomeSizes.html

  31. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic

  32. Phylogenetic relationships http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Class/NAWBIS/Modules/Phylogenetics/phylo9.html Rooted trees reflect the most Basal ancestor of the tree in question. Unrooted tree do not imply a known ancestral root. Based on Parsimony

  33. Diversity of life organization • 3 domains: • Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes • Further subdivide eukaryotes into protists (found in many kingdoms), fungi, plants, animals Encyclopedia of Life

  34. Prokaryotic Cells Bacteria/Archaea No organized nucleus; DNA not separated from rest of cell; in the nucleoid 1 chromosome, usually circular; naked DNA No or few membrane bound organelles Small sized ribosomes Smaller cells Eukaryotic Cells All other organisms DNA organized/ contained in a nucleus. DNA associated with protein; 4 or more chromosomes More complex; contain organelles; internal membranes and compartments. Larger sized ribosomes 6. larger cells Two basic plans or kinds of cells

  35. Elements • H • O • C • N • P • S • Fe • Mg • K • Na • I • Ca

  36. Atom vs. Ion • Same = • Different= • Result =

  37. element vs. Isotope of that element • Same = • Different=

  38. Radiometric Dating

  39. Evolution connection • If you go back far enough in time, species share common ancestors. Why? • All living organisms have to perform essentially the same functions: growth, development, reproduction, acquire and use energy, respond to the environment, be adapted, exhibit cellular or tissue order. All living organisms are made of cells.

  40. water molecules

  41. Overnight freeze and water • Why spray water on crops and why is it protective? • Characteristic of water that is important: High specific heat – large amount of energy required to raise or LOWER the temperature. • Why? • Water is a polar molecule • H bonds with other water molecules • More energy must be lost before you slow the water molecules down.

  42. Biodiversity

  43. How are living organisms classified? Many different classifications. We will recognize 3 Domains. • Domain Bacteria. Most diverse and widespread prokaryotes. • Domain Archaea: Prokaryotes that live in Earth’s extreme environments such as hot springs, salty lakes. • Domain Eukarya – the eukaryotes

  44. 1. Archaea: cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan;DNA naked and complexed with histone protein

  45. 2. Bacteria: cell walls contain peptidoglycan; naked DNA

  46. 3. Domain Eukarya- KingdomProtists Most are unicellular (or acellular); most lifestyles represented (photosynthetic autotrophs as well as heterotrophs). make their own energy (food) e.g. Algae, ciliates (e.g. paramecium), flagellates, amoebas, diatoms

  47. Protist: Stentor

  48. 3. Domain Eukarya: KingdomFungi • Heterotrophic organisms, mostly multicellular • E.g. mushrooms, yeast (unicellular)

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