The reproductive system and excretory system

1. The reproductive system and excretory system By Monica, Shaun and Dylan

2. What is the Reproductive system? • The reproductive system is an arrangement of assorted organs which function together to create offspring. • All species need to reproduce to survive.

3. Reproduction • In mammals, reproduction occurs through fertilisation of the female ova or “egg”. • Sperm from the male organism meets with the ova and fertilisation occurs. • The sperm and the ova each contain half the DNA of the parent. • Sperm is developed in the testes and ova in the ovaries. • Inside the uterus the baby is formed. Smooth muscle allows for the uterus to stretch.

4. Male and female Reproductive systems

5. Other Means of Reproduction • Most fish reproduce through a female laying eggs and the male fertilising the eggs with his sperm. Some fish are live bearers. • Bacteria reproduce through a form of asexual reproduction called binary fission, which involves the bacteria duplicating itself so that it has exactly the same DNA. • Flowers reproduce through pollen from the male Anther reaching the female Stigma of a flower.

6. What's in the urinary system? Human urinary system Kidney Renal pelvis Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra. (Left side with frontal section) Adrenal gland 8. Renal artery and vein 9. Inferior vena cava 10. Abdominal aorta 11. Common iliac artery and vein 12. Liver 13. Large intestine 14. Pelvis

7. Excretory System • In mammals, urine is excreted from the bladder through the urethra. • Kidneys filter the blood and send wastes to the bladder via the Ureter. • Nephrons in the kidneys filter water and salts. • ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland and signals the kidneys to reabsorb water. • CO2 is removed from the lungs via diffusion. • Feces containing excess food is also expelled from the body.

8. Kidney structure

9. Human urine system compared to fresh water fish Mammals produce concentrated urine and fresh water fish produce very dilute urine. This is because they drink a lot of water with low ions. Marine fish produce high salt urine in an effort to maintain the right amount of salts to water.

10. Plant excretion • Plants excrete waste products such as oxygen and carbon dioxide through the Stomata. Plants also dispel nitrogen by dropping their leaves, whence minerals can be retrieved again through the roots.

11. Disorders or dysfunctions to the reproductive system • Endometriosis - The lining of the uterus grows in other places. E.g. the fallopian tubes. • Prostate cancer – Male prostate being infected with cancer cells • Vaginitus – Inflammation of the vagina. • Syphilis – STI, Bacterial, Starts as painless sore on your genitals

12. Excretory system disorders or disfunctions • Kidney stones/ malfunctions. • Bed wetting. • Cystitis- Inflammation of the bladder. • Urethritis- Inflammation of the urethra. • Urolithiasis – Kidney stone in the urinary tract • Gout – Excess amount of uric acid

13. THE RAT DISECTION- performed by Dr Eibl • Commenced operation on the 31/08/2010

18. Our Questions

19. How does a baby survive in the organism Monica • Oviparous organisms like chickens lay eggs that continue to develop after being laid and hatch later • Viviparous/Mammal organisms like humans and kangaroos give birth to live young. The young spend more time within the females reproductive tract, then when they are ready they are released into world to survive on there own, with mothers help of course • Ovoviparous organisms like guppies, garter snakes and Madagascar hissing roaches have eggs (with shells) that hatch as they are laid making it look like live birth

20. What is the Excretory system used for? Monica • The job of the excretory system is used eliminate wastes from the system such as urea. • Water and other ions are retrieved by the kidneys. • Other wastes are excreted as feces through the anus. • Villi in the small intestine retrieve valuable nutrients and water to ensure no loss of valuable substances.

21. Why is the reproductive system so important? Dylan • The reproductive system is a very important factor to maintain life. With out reproductive organs, we could not produce offspring and the means of making more individuals, and a species wouldn't be able to prosper or survive from generation to generation.

22. One other animal or plant that reproduce in a different manor? Dylan Coral Coral releasing its eggs • Coral can reproduce in two ways. Sexually and asexually- budding. Sexual reproduction of coral occurs when all the coral in that pacific area release there eggs and sperm into the water. When the sperm fertilizes the egg its called planula. The planula may drift in the water for several weeks and the surviving planula clings on to a solid object, like a rock, before growing into coral. Coral releasing sperm

23. Archaea, Bacteria and Protists. • Archaea, bacteria and protist reproduce asexually through binary fusion. • Binary fusion is the form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes, and makes an exact copy of itself.

24. What kind of wastes are excreted? Shaun • Nitrogenous wastes are filtered in the kidney and excreted in the form of urine. This waste is called Urea. • Uric acid is banished from the system by reptiles and birds • Ammonia is excreted directly from fish into the water • CO2 is removed from the blood stream in the lungs through diffusion. • Other things such as excess salts and feces are also removed.

25. What are some adaptations for breeding ? Shaun • Some adaptations include: • Diapauses' in kangaroos • Eggs and long pregnancy periods • Having half DNA from each parent • Binary fission in bacteria • Release of Pheromones- especially female rat • Some animals are very colourful and make noise to try and attract a mate.

26. What are some adaptations for excreting waste? Shaun • Some adaptations include kidney filtration of wastes • The absorption of water from wastes in the intestine • Having a long urethra to reduce diseases getting into the body • Desert animals excrete very concentrated urine with low amounts of water. • Having a very long loop of Henle in the kidney nephron to maximise water retainment • Dropping of leaves to remove excess nitrogen and also through their roots.