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KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy. The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. Adenosine Triphosphate adenine (nitrogen base) Ribose (sugar) Three phosphate groups. Starch molecule. Glucose molecule.

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KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

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  1. KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

  2. The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP Adenosine Triphosphate adenine (nitrogen base) Ribose (sugar) Three phosphate groups

  3. Starch molecule Glucose molecule The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. • Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds.

  4. phosphate removed • ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions. • Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. • ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.

  5. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a lower energy molecule that is created by the removal of the phosphate group.

  6. Carbohydrates are the most common molecule to be broken down for ATP • Fats store the most energy. - 36 ATP from 1 glucose • 80 percent of the energy in your body • Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP. • amino acids not usually needed for energy

  7. Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP. • Plants and animals use ATP for chemical reactions • Plants are autotrophs (make their own carbohydrates) • Animals are heterotrophs (consume carbohydrates) If plants didn’t have Mitochondria, they could make food, but wouldn’t be able to use it!

  8. A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy. • Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight. • In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules. • similar to photosynthesis • uses chemical energy instead of light energy

  9. In photosynthesis, organisms make their own food using solar energy.

  10. Photosynthetic organisms are producers. Producers (Autotrophs) make their own source of chemical energy. Plants use photosynthesis and are producers. Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.

  11. KEY CONCEPTThe overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy.

  12. Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy. chloroplast leaf cell leaf • In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts.

  13. Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts. Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts. grana (stacks of thylakoids) Stroma (fluid around the grana) grana (thylakoids) chloroplast stroma

  14. The light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight. • take place in thylakoids • water and sunlight are needed • chlorophyll absorbs energy • energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to light-independent reactions • oxygen is released

  15. The light-independent reactions make sugars. • take place in stroma • needs 6 carbon dioxide molecules from atmosphere • use energy to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions

  16. The equation for the overall process is: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 sunlight granum (stack of thylakoids) 1 chloroplast sunlight 6H2O 6O2 2 energy thylakoid stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids) 6CO2 1 six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 3 4

  17. Chlorophyll is the main pigment in plants • Green light is reflected

  18. Chlorophyll is the main pigment in plants • Chlorophyll a absorbs violet and red light • Chlorophyll b absorbs blue and red

  19. Other pigments • Carotene (Xanthophyll)

  20. Light Dependent Reaction • The light-dependent reactions include groups of molecules called photosystems.

  21. Photosystem II captures and transfers energy. • chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight • energized electrons enter electron transport chain • water molecules are split • oxygen is released as waste • hydrogen ions are transported across thylakoid membrane

  22. Photosystem I captures energy and produces energy-carrying molecules. • chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight • energized electrons are used to make NADPH (e carrier) • NADPH is transferred to light-independent reactions

  23. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP. • hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid membrane • ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP

  24. Calvin cycle (dark reaction) • Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma and use CO2 molecules.

  25. A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight. • carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle • energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged • some molecules are made into sugar • other molecules stay in cycle.

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