Welcome back to School! Today: Notebook Set up for the next marking period

1. HAPPY NEW YEAR 2014 • Welcome back to School! • Today: • Notebook Set up for the next marking period • Review of class policies • Overview of the 3rd marking period course work • Begin study of the Earth’s Layers.

2. Earth’s Layers Draw the Picture PAGE 70

3. Daily Science Question 01/08/14 The diameter of Earth is greatest at the _____. Poles b. Equator c. Oceans d. Continents The element that makes up largest part of the atmosphere _____. a. Oxygen b. Nitrogen c. Carbon Dioxide d. ozone

4. Earth’s Layers 01/08/2014 ___________________________________ Learning Target: . I can cite or describe the size and shape of Earth. Cornell Note Style Write only underlined text from slides 71 61

5. Earth is the only place in the universe KNOWN to contain life .

6. Liquid, gaseous, and solid water • Oxygen in the atmosphere • Correct distance from Sol • Protection from magnetic field, ozone, and Luna

7. Earth’s Basics

8. 3rd planet from Sol • 4.6 billion years old • 70% water covered • Oblate spheroid • Polar cir. = 40,007 km vs. equat. cir = 40,074 km • avg diameter = 12, 756 km • highest peak to lowest ocean depth ≈ 20 km.

9. Speeding Waves – a math problemEarth’s layers are of the following average thickness: crust 35 km, mantle 2,900 km, outer core 2,250 km, and inner core 1,228 km.Estimate how long a seismic wave would take to reach Earth’s centerif the wave’s average rate of travel was 8 km/s through the crust, 12 km/s through the mantle, 9.5 km/s through the outer core and 10.5 km/s through the inner core.

11. Daily Science Question 01/09/14 Why do you think the Earth has more than one layer; in other words what purpose do they serve? From the Video “Layers of the Earth” that you just viewed, what layer did you think was the most interesting to you and why? COMPLETE SENTENCES!!!

12. Earth’s Layers 01/09/2014 ________________________________ Learning Target: . I can describe the compositional and structural layers of Earth. Cornell Note Style Write only underlined text from slides 75

13. Why is the Earth Separated into Layers?

14. As the Earth cooled during early formation, GRAVITY caused the layers to “settle” -the most dense material is at the center -together the inner/outer core makes up 1/3 of Earth’s mass!!

15. Compostional Zones

16. Earth’s Interior is determined from seismic waves through the body of the planet. • Crust - 1% of Earth’s mass; rich in silica • Oceanic crust • Continental crust • Mantle - 2/3 (66%) Earth’s mass made of Fe & Mg • Core - 1/3 Earth’s mass (33%) composed of Fe & Ni.

17. Structural Zones

18. Lithosphere = 15 – 300 km thick; solid crust and upper portion of the mantle. Asthenosphere = 200 km thick; solid but with the ability to flow (“plasticity”). Mesosphere = lower solid mantle rock; about 2,400 km thick. Outer Core = dense liquid; about 2,250 km thick. Inner Core = dense solid; about 1,250 km to center of the Earth.

19. Complete the Concept Map Pg 74

20. Friday – 1/10/2014 • Substitute – Directed Reading Workbook – • pages 14-18 • Formative 40 pts

21. The Magnet

22. Daily Science Question 01/13/14 What is a seismic wave? What have scientists learned about the Earth by studying seismic waves? 72

23. Magnetism 01/13/14 Learning Target: I can identify possible source of Earth’s magnetic field and how is formed according to modern theories. Cornell Note Style Write only underlined text from slides 77

24. What is a magnetic field?

25. A region of space – the shape around the magnetic lines in the magnetosphere – formed by solar wind. Sketch in your notebook

26. What is the possible source of the magnetic field? (Write your answer next to this bullet point.)

27. Why does Earth have a magnetic field?

28. The Dynamo Theory -the process through which a rotating, convecting, and electrically conducting fluid can maintain a magnetic field over astronomical time scales. • But Sol and Luna both have a magnetic field • Sol has no iron and Luna has no liquid core.

30. Daily Science Question 01/14/14 How many forces in the universe do you think exist? Can you Name them? How do the forces apply themselves on earth? 72

31. Gravity and Forces of the Universe 1/13/14 Learning Target: I can summarize Newton’s Law of Gravitation. I will apply universal forces to the real world. Cornell Note Style Write only underlined text from slides 79

32. Gravity and Isaac Newton

33. Gravity- Is a force that pulls matter together. Isaac Newton-Explained how gravity affects objects in his law of universal gravitation.

34. The Universal Law of Gravitation

35. The force of gravity between two objects depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between them

36. STOP, THINK and WRITE Describe a real life example of universal law of gravitation. Write down your example in your notebook. Use two or more complete sentences to talk about your example.

37. Universal Forces Foldable • Today you will make a foldable • You will glue it into your ISN when completed • You will work with your table partner today • Use the websites from Google search – I will guide you.

38. Four universal forces Electromagnetic Gravitational Strong nuclear Weak nuclear

39. Electromagnetic Force that is associated with charged particles. Earth’s magnetic field Electric forces and magnetic forces are the only forces that can both attract and repel.

40. Gravitational Force The weakest of the four universal forces works over the greatest distance

41. Strong nuclear powerful force of attraction acts only on the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom holding them together it only works over a very short distance.

42. Weak nuclear- An attractive force in an atom that acts over a short range. Involved in the radioactive decay or break down of elements (like carbon used in radiocarbon dating of fossils)

43. What conclusions can you draw about the four forces? Are they similar? In what ways are they different? Write your answer. May the Force be with you

44. Earth’s Gravity • Dependson two factors: Masses of the objects and distance between their centers. • Mass = kg, distance = m, weight = N • Weight can change with distance, but mass never will. • On average @ Earth’s surface, 1 kg = 1 N

45. 2.2 Earth contains several systems within one package. • All systems are related. • Earth is a system (subgroups that relate and interact to create a whole) of energy and matter interrelating. • Matter = anything that has mass and volume • Energy = the ability to do work. • Matter and energy transfers = changes in physical • and/or chemical properties of matter. • Closed systems = only energy may be exchanged with the surroundings. • Open systems = both matter and energy may be exchanged with the surroundings.

46. Earth’s four spheres: • Atmosphere = blanket of air; 78% N2, 21% O2, 1% other gases. • Hydrosphere = all of Earth’s water NOT in the gaseous form; 71% of Earth’s surface area; 97% of the hydrosphere is ocean water. • 3% of the hydrosphere is fresh water (lakes, rivers, streams, glaciers, polar sheets, and underground). • Geosphere = the solid surface and molten interior of Earth; Surface of continents and ocean floor as well as solid and molten interior of Earth. • Biosphere = all life (in, on and above Earth); • From the deepest parts of the ocean to a few km above Earth’s surface.

47. Hydrosphere 71% of Earth’s surface area; 97% of the hydrosphere is ocean water. • 3% of the hydrosphere is fresh water (lakes, rivers, streams, glaciers, polar sheets, and underground).

48. Dry Land Water Salt Water Fresh Frozen, Polluted useable

49. Earth’s energy budget • A balance of the solar energy coming in to Earth and that going back into space. • First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy can be transferred, but not created or destroyed. • Energy is transferred between Earth’s spheres.

50. Earth’s energy budget cont’d • Second Law of Thermodynamics: • when energy transfers take place, energy is spread out more, and matter becomes less organized, with time Ex: chemical reactions, radioactive decay, radiation of energy, growth and decay of organisms.