PRT 2008 PERTANIAN & MANUSIA

1. PRT 2008PERTANIAN & MANUSIA Dr. Amin Mahir Abdullah JabatanPerniagaantanidanSistemMaklumat, FakultiPertanian Block B, 2nd Floor E-mail: amahir@agri.upm.edu.my

2. LECTURE TOPICS& COURSE ASSESSMENT

3. Course Assessment No final exam No Semester Test 1.Quiz 1 20% 2.Quiz 2 20% 3. Quiz 3 20% Group assignment - Group Oral Presentation 10% - Paper submission on special topics 30% (http://www.lms.upm.edu.my)

4. 1. Definition 2. Importance of agriculture 3. Agriculture practices/systems Subsistence farming Commercialised farming 4. Agri-based Industries (Industri Asas Tani) Introduction & scope of modern agriculture

5. INTRODUCTION • AGRICULTURE • AGRI: Latin Ager = Field • CULTURE: Latin Cultura = cultivation/ tillage of the soil • .

6. What is Agriculture? • the art and science of growing plants and the raising of animals for food, other human needs, or economic gain . • This definition describes agriculture as both an art and a science (needs skill and founded on scientifically verified facts) and thus includes specialized disciplines; the words “growing” and “raising” are descriptive of enterprise, activity or practice. It has two main divisions: plant or crop production and animal or livestock production; and it’s ultimate purpose is for food production, other human needs, or for economic gain. • some definitions include fisheries, forestry, and other activities. • Further, the science of agriculture is dynamic. http://www.cropsreview.com/what-is-agriculture.html • utilisation of natural resource systems to produce commodities which maintain life, including food, fiber, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services

7. Definition Agriculture: Traditional versus Modern • Traditional agriculture • subsistence in nature – for self and family’s survival. • small size farm or small number of livestock • disorganized , normadic Modern Agriculture is a business or commercial approach • Large size, Mechanized, profit oriented • Produced for food, non food and raw materials to agro-based industries. • Eg oil palm plantation: oil into food, pharmaceutical, soap, now bio-fuel etc • Continual improvement in agricultural methods, resources and involve specialists in agriculture. (economists, scientists, inventors, engineers etc)

8. NAME OTHER FIELDS INVOLVE IN AGRICULTURE Engineering Technology MODERNAGRICULTURE Physical Sciences Biological Sciences

10. Civilization began with agriculture. When our nomadic ancestors began to settle and grow their own food, human society was forever changed. Not only did villages, towns and cities begin to flourish, but so did knowledge, the arts and the technological sciences. Importance of Agriculture Civilization began with agriculture. When our nomadic ancestors began to settle and grow their own food, human society was forever changed. Not only did villages, towns and cities begin to flourish, but so did knowledge, the arts and the technological sciences. And for most of history, society's connection to the land was intimate. Human communities, no matter how sophisticated, could not ignore the importance of agriculture. To be far from dependable sources of food was to risk malnutrition and starvation In modern times, however, many in the urban world have forgotten this fundamental connection. Insulated by the apparent abundance of food that has come from new technologies for the growing, transportation and storage of food, humanity's fundamental dependence on agriculture is often overlooked.

11. Importance of Agriculture social economics Roads, schools, ICT, etc Rural Development National Income Contribution to GDP Provides employment opportunities and entrepreneurship Improve living stds. thru agric. actitivies Poverty reduction Employment Skills and competencies, science & technology, biodiversity Industrial linkages: raw materials to manufacturing and service industries knowledge Input to other industries Multiple income to family International trade Export commodities: BOT Livestock, crops, aquaculture, waste to wealth Food Source Multi dimensional Beside production: eg. Agro-tourism. Food security: health and nutrition

12. Year 2002 estimated: 40% worlds population is employed in agriculture. Importance of Agriculture Source: Nationmaster accessed Nov 2011

13. Importance of Agriculture So why important?? • Least develop country – food for survival 2) Developing/Advance dev. & industrialized country produce raw material for industrialized nations ( eg rubber, cocoa, lifestock, palm oil etc) 3) Maintain socio-political stability of a country in difficult times (eg drought) – need food stock-pile 4) Income - now agr. waste into feeds & fertilizers, oil palm wood, wooden tiles etc

14. FAO is carrying out agricultural rehabilitation activities in Burundi valued at around $60 million, targeting 1 250 000 people over a period of two years

15. BUT…… agriculture is alleged to cause ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION! Polluted waterways and wetlands i. Nitrogen and phosphorus (from inorganic fertilizers) ii. Pesticides and other biocides AFFECTS: Biodiversity of plants and animals

16. Agricultural Practices/Systems 1. Subsistence Farming 2. Commercial Farming

17. 1. Subsistence Farming working on a plot of land to produce only enough food to feed the family working on it Characteristics: - Low input & Low yield • Inter-cropping • Slash and burn (nomadic) • Low external input • Enough food to feed family • No surplus to sell or storage for long term

18. Subsistence farming Eg.: SHIFTING CULTIVATION • Most primitive form • Once soil fertility wanes, farmers abandon • Improvement to shifting cultivation: Family works permanently on the land – that has undergone slash & burn cultivation- still poor in nutrients, thus poor yield • Now raising domesticated livestock for food- small enclosure or limited free range

19. Subsistence farming • As in 2006 still practiced in: • Africa – Benin, Botswana, Congo, Guinea, Rwanda, Madagascar, Sierra Leone and Zambia. • Central and South America – Mexico, Ecuador and Bolivia. • Europe – Yugoslavia and Albania. • Polynesia – Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu. • SE-Asia – Sarawak, Indonesian Borneo, Laos, Cambodia.

20. 2. Commercial Farming Characteristics: • Monoculture or combination of a few crops. • Use of high yielding modern varieties • Large chemicals input (Pesticides & fertilizers) • High use of technology and machineries.

22. Commercial Farming 1. Tropical Plantation Agriculture - Monocropping ie: Rubber, oil palm, cocoa , coffee, coconut. - Suitable humid tropical climate - Yield exported to industrialised nations - Crop-animal integrated farming: Private & state owned. - Animal: free range, under shelters

25. Commercial Farming 2. Vegetable Farming (conventional) • Production in block or row • Open or enclosed • Use machinery • Efficient and high output • Labour intensive Ripening technologies and Refrigeration has reduced the problem with getting fresh produce to market. Eg; uniformed ripeness.

26. Commercialised Farming-Vegetable i) Organic Farming • Involve crop rotation (dissimilar crops) • Avoid build up of pests and diseases • Helps balance soilfertility • No chemicals are used • Pest control depends on natural enemies (predators) • Organic fertilizers (manure)

27. Commercial Farming ii) Soilless culture • providing plants with support and a reservoir for nutrients and water • Growing without soil • Controlled environment • High production • High quality • No soil-borne diseases and weeds • No tillage

28. Type of soilless culture • A)LIQUID-MEDIUM SYSTEM • Nutrient Film Technique • Deep water culture • Aeroponics • B)SOLID-MEDIUM SYSTEM

29. Plants are grown in channels into which the nutrient solution is pumped constantly. Plants are kept moist by the thin film of nutrient solution as it passes by. • Nutrient film technique This technique is susceptible to power outage and pump failures

30. Deep water culture The water culture system is the simplest whereby the plant roots are suspended and allowed to hang down o floats into aerated nutrient solution

31. is probably the most high-tech type. Plants are grown with their roots suspended in a mist of nutrient solution delivered by a mist sprayer controlled by a short cycle timer. • Aeroponics

32. 3. Aquaculture Cultivation of aquatic organisms i) Mariculture (culture in ocean)

33. ii) Algaculture (seaweed & other algae) iii) Freshwater fish & prawns farming (catfish, tilapia) in ponds/tanks iv) semi-aquatic animals: crocodile, frogs, snails in tanks/ ponds

34. 4.Lifestock farming (domesticated animals for agriculture. - animal husbandry (raising animals) • In closure / shelters or rangeland- free roaming

35. 5. New products and future industries. • Development of biotechnology products : • extraction of natural chemicals from biological resources • utilization of oil palm biomass • Examples include recreational fishery, agroforestry, herbal farming, mushroom cultivation and agrotourism.

36. Downstream Processing FOOD PROCESSING (FOOD PRODUCTS) INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING (NON-FOOD) PLANTS ---- JUICE, JAM, JELLY HEALTH PRODUCTS ANIMALS-- BURGER, SAUSAGE, CHEESE, MILK PLANTS ----furnitures, ANIMALS-- wools, leather

37. THE END